Unlock a deep understanding of the coronavirus with these meticulously organized and detailed lecture notes, designed to help students navigate the complexities of this critical topic. Whether you are preparing for exams, writing research papers, or simply seeking to expand your knowledge, these no...
Common cold coronavirus
• Positive strand enveloped viruses divided into alpha and beta subgroups.
• Coronaviruses 229E, OC43, HKU1 and NL63 usually give rise to mild upper respiratory tract
disease and account for 15-30% of common colds.
• Epithelial cells primary site of infection but dendritic cells also important and infection can
lead to syncytia formation and cell death.
• Immunity relatively short lived (~2 years) so reinfection common.
SARS-CoV-1:
Coronaviruses associated with UTRI and GI infections of mammals and birds.
Major global outbreak of SARS in China in 2002 exacerbated by extensive global human travel.
Molecular epidemiology reveals that SARS-CoV-1 arose by recombination between two bat CoVs.
• 6% bats positive for CoVs in China
Bat CoV first transmitted to palm civets then to human via live animal markets in China. Increased
transmission due to rapid adaptation of virus spike protein and travel of population worldwide.
Mutations in spike gene of SARS-CoV essential for human transmission
SARS-CoV targets the ACE2 to receptor.
MERS-CoV:
Camel is an important host for this species of coronavirus.
Middle East respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated from a
patient with severe, fatal pneumonia in Saudi Arabia in Sep, 2012.
• Retrospectively identified in Jordan in April 2012
To date majority of the 2,468 confirmed cases and 851 deaths (10 Nov 2019)
• Have been in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia and one large travel-associated outbreak occurred
in South Korea.
Case fatality rate: 34.3%
Virus uses dipeptidyl peptidase 4 as a receptor (CD26)
Origins of MERS CoV:
• Likely source is a zoonoses from bats
• Infections in camels appear to be the closest link with human infections
• Serology of serum dating back to 1983 indicates extensive camel infection (80% positive)
– Mainly upper respiratory tract
• Despite many deaths pathophysiology is not well defined
• Transmission likely through contact with camels but human cases reported with no camel
contact (human to human transmission?)
• 27 countries have reported cases of MERS-CoV
SARS-CoV-2:
○ Emerged at end of 2019
○ Cluster of pneumonia cases of unidentified origin in Wuhan, Hubei Province
○ Origins in "seafood" market in Wuhan
> But cases now identified 2 months prior to this infection cluster
○ Member of the beta-coronaviruses (as is MERS)
○ Spike protein binds to the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) [cf SARS-CoV-1]
○ As of October 13th 2020 cases worldwide have reached 36 million and the death of 1.05
million people.
○ Many countries experiencing a second wave of infection.
Origins of SARS:
• Bats are likely source of zoonotic coronaviruses
Coronavirus Page 1
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Lakuscholars. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $10.20. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
