Biology 116 - Final Exam - Full Review
-✅✅-ionized amino acid
- ✅✅-Non-ionized amino acid
- ✅✅-Secretory pathway
-after a couple hundred years people were starting to think all living cells
were made of cells and came from cells
-prior to this people weren't too sure how life arose
✅✅
-the idea was that life could arise spontaneously if conditions were right
-spontaneous generation totally made sense at the time - -Every
living things people looked at was made of cells:
-ALL LIFE IS MADE OF CELLS (and their products)
-CELLS COME FROM CELLS (they don't generate spontaneously)
✅✅
-ALL CELLS ON EARTH ARE RELATED BY COMMON ANCESTERY -
-Cell theory
-An antenna complex
-A reaction center (with chlorophyll a)
When a photon hits one of the antenna complex pigments the electron is
excited and that energy is transferred by resonance transfer to the next
pigment until it gets to chlorophyll a in the reaction center.
✅✅
Photon hits antenna - excites electron creating energy, transferred to next
pigment through resonance transfer - -A photosystem (PS) contains
-Change over time produced modern, modified species from ancestral
species.
-The pattern component of the theory of evolution by natural selection
predicts that:
1. Species change thorough time
2. Species are related by common ancestry - ✅✅-"Descent with
,-Kinetochore microtubules shrink
✅✅
-Motor proteins of the polar microtubules push the two poles of the cell
away from each other - -Anaphase
-Consists of two linked parts:
The light-dependent reactions convert light energy into chemical energy
-The C-fixation reactions fix C from CO2 into sugars.
ATP is made by the light-dependent reactions using chemiosmosis.
Sugars made in the Calvin cycle are transported to non-photosynthetic
✅✅
parts of the plant or are used to generate ATP in the mitochondria or for
synthesizing new molecules. - -PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CONNECTIONS:
-Dutch fabric merchant discovered bacteria and protists
-He improved on Hooke's microscopes and made some 200x versions! He
looked at bee stings and lots of other stuff
-He went on to make hundreds of microscopes and wrote tins of letters
about what he saw, much of it from pond and lake water
-described muscle fibers, blood cells, spermatozoa and all kinds of
one-celled critters in the pond water that he called animalcules (now called
protists)
-Opened the amazing world of microscopic organisms - ✅✅-Antonie von
Leeuwenhoek (1673)
-Energy storage
-Structures
-Cell signaling
✅✅
-COH added to a protein glycoprotein
-COH added to lipid = glycolipid - -What do COHs do?
-Evolution is any change in the DNA sequences of a population from one
generation to the next.
,-explanation that accurately explains a natural phenomenon. IT DOES NOT
MEAN "GUESS"
-Scientific theory DOES NOT equal small "t" theory
-it has "survived the test of time" and there are no longer any viable
alternate explanations
✅✅
-theories are like facts of nature as most scientists are concerned -
-What is a Scientific Theory
-Fix atmospheric molecular nitrogen by adding H to it making it available to
eukaryotes.
-Produce most of the oxygen required for eukaryotic cells
✅✅
-Grow symbiotically with many plants and animals and influence their
physiology - -Function of prokaryotes
-He was a pigeon breeder.
-He made observations of species all over the world.
-He was reading the "new" papers about geology and realized that the
earth had changed over time.
-He studied fossils, earthquakes and volcanoes. - ✅✅-What influenced
Darwin?
-highly organized compartments bounded by a plasma membrane
-cells do work and grow (winning against entropy) by using energy
-internal order is called homeostasis (when energy runs out entropy wins)
-information about have to live is passed from cell to cell via the DNA/RNA
✅✅
codes=the genetic code that is common to all cells and even viruses -
-What defines a cell anyway?
-in solution (physiological state) most sugars spontaneously form rings
-glucose is a HEXOSE (six-sided ring)
, -ribosomes here
✅✅
-proteins folded and may be glycosylated (carbohydrates attached) -
-RER lumen
-It contains three genes that allow E. coli to use the sugar arabinose from
plant cell walls
-It is transcribed only when arabinose is present
✅✅
Transcription of the ara operon is turned on by an activator called AraC -
-Positive Control of Transcription
-life is made up of cells, they are basic units of life
-cells divide to make more cells- reproduction or replication
-life evolves, new cells passed to parents
-info is passed from one cell to its daughters via the generation and this is
how evolution happens
✅✅
-cells have to get energy in order to fend off entropy. LIFE CANNOT EXIST
W/O energy - -What defines being alive
-Miller noticed that many small organic molecules are made by natural
processes
-could big one be made too?
✅✅
-YES! Amino acids can be made in "early Earth" conditions -
-Miller-Urey experiment
✅✅
-most important sugar in physiology
-used outside your cells - -Glucose
-Most proteins are made from just 20 amino acids
-AA are composed of a central carbon atom bonded to:
-H - a hydrogen atom
-NH2 - an amino functional group
-✅✅-ionized amino acid
- ✅✅-Non-ionized amino acid
- ✅✅-Secretory pathway
-after a couple hundred years people were starting to think all living cells
were made of cells and came from cells
-prior to this people weren't too sure how life arose
✅✅
-the idea was that life could arise spontaneously if conditions were right
-spontaneous generation totally made sense at the time - -Every
living things people looked at was made of cells:
-ALL LIFE IS MADE OF CELLS (and their products)
-CELLS COME FROM CELLS (they don't generate spontaneously)
✅✅
-ALL CELLS ON EARTH ARE RELATED BY COMMON ANCESTERY -
-Cell theory
-An antenna complex
-A reaction center (with chlorophyll a)
When a photon hits one of the antenna complex pigments the electron is
excited and that energy is transferred by resonance transfer to the next
pigment until it gets to chlorophyll a in the reaction center.
✅✅
Photon hits antenna - excites electron creating energy, transferred to next
pigment through resonance transfer - -A photosystem (PS) contains
-Change over time produced modern, modified species from ancestral
species.
-The pattern component of the theory of evolution by natural selection
predicts that:
1. Species change thorough time
2. Species are related by common ancestry - ✅✅-"Descent with
,-Kinetochore microtubules shrink
✅✅
-Motor proteins of the polar microtubules push the two poles of the cell
away from each other - -Anaphase
-Consists of two linked parts:
The light-dependent reactions convert light energy into chemical energy
-The C-fixation reactions fix C from CO2 into sugars.
ATP is made by the light-dependent reactions using chemiosmosis.
Sugars made in the Calvin cycle are transported to non-photosynthetic
✅✅
parts of the plant or are used to generate ATP in the mitochondria or for
synthesizing new molecules. - -PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CONNECTIONS:
-Dutch fabric merchant discovered bacteria and protists
-He improved on Hooke's microscopes and made some 200x versions! He
looked at bee stings and lots of other stuff
-He went on to make hundreds of microscopes and wrote tins of letters
about what he saw, much of it from pond and lake water
-described muscle fibers, blood cells, spermatozoa and all kinds of
one-celled critters in the pond water that he called animalcules (now called
protists)
-Opened the amazing world of microscopic organisms - ✅✅-Antonie von
Leeuwenhoek (1673)
-Energy storage
-Structures
-Cell signaling
✅✅
-COH added to a protein glycoprotein
-COH added to lipid = glycolipid - -What do COHs do?
-Evolution is any change in the DNA sequences of a population from one
generation to the next.
,-explanation that accurately explains a natural phenomenon. IT DOES NOT
MEAN "GUESS"
-Scientific theory DOES NOT equal small "t" theory
-it has "survived the test of time" and there are no longer any viable
alternate explanations
✅✅
-theories are like facts of nature as most scientists are concerned -
-What is a Scientific Theory
-Fix atmospheric molecular nitrogen by adding H to it making it available to
eukaryotes.
-Produce most of the oxygen required for eukaryotic cells
✅✅
-Grow symbiotically with many plants and animals and influence their
physiology - -Function of prokaryotes
-He was a pigeon breeder.
-He made observations of species all over the world.
-He was reading the "new" papers about geology and realized that the
earth had changed over time.
-He studied fossils, earthquakes and volcanoes. - ✅✅-What influenced
Darwin?
-highly organized compartments bounded by a plasma membrane
-cells do work and grow (winning against entropy) by using energy
-internal order is called homeostasis (when energy runs out entropy wins)
-information about have to live is passed from cell to cell via the DNA/RNA
✅✅
codes=the genetic code that is common to all cells and even viruses -
-What defines a cell anyway?
-in solution (physiological state) most sugars spontaneously form rings
-glucose is a HEXOSE (six-sided ring)
, -ribosomes here
✅✅
-proteins folded and may be glycosylated (carbohydrates attached) -
-RER lumen
-It contains three genes that allow E. coli to use the sugar arabinose from
plant cell walls
-It is transcribed only when arabinose is present
✅✅
Transcription of the ara operon is turned on by an activator called AraC -
-Positive Control of Transcription
-life is made up of cells, they are basic units of life
-cells divide to make more cells- reproduction or replication
-life evolves, new cells passed to parents
-info is passed from one cell to its daughters via the generation and this is
how evolution happens
✅✅
-cells have to get energy in order to fend off entropy. LIFE CANNOT EXIST
W/O energy - -What defines being alive
-Miller noticed that many small organic molecules are made by natural
processes
-could big one be made too?
✅✅
-YES! Amino acids can be made in "early Earth" conditions -
-Miller-Urey experiment
✅✅
-most important sugar in physiology
-used outside your cells - -Glucose
-Most proteins are made from just 20 amino acids
-AA are composed of a central carbon atom bonded to:
-H - a hydrogen atom
-NH2 - an amino functional group
