endothelial cell - Answer- Cell type that forms the endothelium, the epithelium of a blood
vessel wall.
Leukocyte extravasation - Answer- the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory
system and towards the site of tissue damage or infection
Selectins - Answer- Expressed by the endothelial cells to interact with sugars on
leukocytes
Integrins - Answer- e.g. LFA-1 - expressed by leukocytes to interact with ICAM on
endothelial cells for adhesison
Cytokines effect on body - 3 - Answer- 1 - Leukocyte production in bone marrow
2 - Act on hypothalamus to induce fever, increases function of immune cells
3 - Act on liver to increase phagocytosis and complement activation
CRP - Answer- C-reactive protein
Acts as opsonin
Activates classical pathway of complements
MBL - Answer- mannose-binding lectin
Acts as opsonin
Activates lectin pathway of complement
SP-A - Answer- Acts as opsonin in lung
septic shock for systemic infection - 4 - Answer- 1 - Vessel dilation -> cell's fluids
escape to tissues
2 - Drop in blood volume, pressure
3 - Elevated heartbeat
4 - DIC - Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Cytokine storm
Septic shock death steps - 5 - Answer- 1 - Cytokine production -> Endogenous
vasodilators
2 - Changes in endothelium -> leakage of fluids -> tissue edema
3 - microvascular beds clotted with neutrophils - impairs blood flow to organs
4 - Organ specific Ischemia (restriction in blood supply)
5 - Organ failure -> death
How to treat septic shock? - 3 - Answer- 1 - Dampen cytokine storm - steroids (anti-
inflammatories)
2 - Get rid of clots - activated protein C
3 - Vasopressors - constrict blood vessels
Complement - Answer- network of soluble or membrane bound proteins
triggers: PAMPs & immune complexes
activation of zymogens
Pathways for Complement Activation - 3 - Answer- 1 - Lectin pathway
2 - Classical pathway
3 - Alternative pathway
result of complement activation - Answer- C3 activation
Results of C3 activation - Answer- 1 - Amplification of inflammation
, 2 - Opsonization of pathogens for intracellular killing
3 - Membrane Membrane attack complex lysis of microbial membranes
lectin pathway of complement activation - Answer- It is activated by the binding of a
MBL present in blood plasma to mannose-containing peptidoglycans on bacterial
surfaces.
classical pathway of complement activation - Answer- It is activated by antibody bound
to antigen.
alternative pathway of complement activation - Answer- It is triggered by the presence
of infection but does not involve antibody. The early stages leading to cleavage of C3
involve iC3b, factor B, and factor D.
MAC - Answer- membrane attack complex
with generation of C5 enzyme, C5 is cleaved and C5a and C5b are formed, with C5B,
MAC is assembled
Opsonization - Answer- coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis
Helped with C3b and C4b
Anaphylatoxins that increase vascular permeability - Answer- C5a and C3a
Hereditary Angiodema - Answer- deficiency of C1 inhibitor (C1INH)
blocks in classical complement activation
treatment: Recombinant C1INH
C1INH - Answer- dissociates C1r/C1s in C1 complex
C4 and C2 byproducts
Vasoactive - swelling in tissues
villi - Answer- Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface
area for absorption
Microvilli - Answer- Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells,
increase surface area, aid in absorption
intestinal crypts - Answer- found in the mucosa of the small intestine; produces
intestinal juice
Epithelial cells - Answer- Physical barrier
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Scholarsstudyguide. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $12.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
