IMM250 EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM TEST BANK COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+
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IMM250
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IMM250
IMM250 EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM TEST BANK COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+
What is immunodeficiency? - Answer- A disease where there is absent or deficient immune responses. It can affect innate immunity or adaptive immunity and increase the risk o...
IMM250 EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL
EXAM TEST BANK COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY
GRADED A+
What is immunodeficiency? - Answer- A disease where there is absent or deficient
immune responses. It can affect innate immunity or adaptive immunity and increase the
risk of cancer.
What is primary immunodeficiency? - Answer- An immunodeficiency that is inherited by
genetics
What is secondary immunodeficiency? - Answer- An immunodeficiency that is due to
external/environmental factors
How does HIV work? - Answer- The virus has a protein on its surface that binds to CD4
T helper cells. This leads to a collapse of the T helper cell population. If there are no T
helper cells, then there is a loss of adaptive immune function. This eventually leads to
AIDS.
What is selective IgA deficiency? - Answer- The most common primary
immunodeficiency. It its not lethal and simply results in higher than average levels of
infection. Dealing with the disease is simple: treat gastrointestinal and respiratory
infections as they arise.
What is SCID? - Answer- A rare X-linked immunodeficiency syndrome. It is caused by
genetic defects and results in no T cell or B cell functioning.
What disease did David Vetter have? - Answer- SCID
How did David Vetter Survive when he was born? - Answer- He was birthed by C-
section into a sterile bubble. This was necessary because of his SCID. The bubble
meant that there were no antigens that could threaten him and perhaps kill him.
How did the doctors try to get David Vetter out of his bubble and healthy? - Answer-
They gave him a bone marrow transplant from his sister. It was unsuccessful.
,Why did the doctors think that David Vetter's bone marrow transplant was
unsuccessful? - Answer- Originally they thought it was due to HLA incompatibility with
the bone marrow transplant, in reality it was due to the Epstein Barr virus which was in
his sister's bone marrow.
What does the Epstein Barr virus do? - Answer- The virus infects B cells and
predisposes them to lymphoma
What did David Vetter eventually die from? - Answer- Lymphoma as a result of the
Epstein Barr virus.
What is a new approach to SCID detection? - Answer- Screening for TRECs
What are TRECs? - Answer- They are small pieces of DNA that are made during the
maturation of T cells. The absence of TRECS suggests that no T cells are developing
which could indicate the presence of SCID.
What are the steps to a successful bone marrow transplant? - Answer- 1. Conditioning
of the patient with radiation to wipe out the existing immune system.
2. Collect bone marrow from a donor.
3. Donor bone marrow cells are infused into the patient from and IV drip while the
patient stays in sterile conditions.
4. Wait several days to allow the immune system to reconstitute.
What are the risks of bone marrow transplants? - Answer- Temporary immunodeficiency
due to x-irridiation, side effects of chemotherapy, graft vs. host diseases
What is the hematopoietic stem cell? - Answer- A stem cell that gives rise to all of the
cells in the immune system.
What are the advantages to hematopoietic stem cell transplants? - Answer-
Hematopoietic stem cells can be found in the blood, so they can be administered to a
patient through a blood transfusion. There is also no need to find people that are HLA
matched. There are fewer risks for disease as a result of immunodeficiency.
What are follicular T helper cells (TFH) - Answer- T helper cells that stay behind from
the lymph node and help naive B cells get activated.
How does a T cell help activate a B cell? - Answer- An antigen from the
microbe/pathogen binds to the B cell receptor. Then an antigen specific T helper cell
recognizes the activation and delivers a required stimulatory signal to the B cell. Next,
the TFH delivers cytokines to the antigen specific B cell for activation.
What can B cells differentiate into? - Answer- Plasma cells or memory cells
, What is the structure of an antibody? - Answer- Two heavy chains and 2 light chains
arranged in a symmetrical Y-shaped formation
What is an isotype? - Answer- A class of antibody
What antibody is involved in the primary antibody response? - Answer- IgM first, then
the B cell might switch it to making another class.
Which antibodies are involved in the secondary antibody response? - Answer- IgG, IgA,
and IgE
What is the FC? - Answer- The stem part of the antibody
Where are IgG and IgM located? - Answer- In the blood, particularly at sites of
inflammation
Where is IgA located? - Answer- In bodily secretions like mucus, tears, saliva. It is
resistant to stomach acid.
Where is IgE located? - Answer- In tissues and sometimes in mast cells
What is neonatal immunity? - Answer- The situation where newborn babies do not have
fully developed immune systems. The babies get antibodies from their mother to
develop immunity. The antibodies come through the placenta or the mother's breast
milk.
Are antibodies capable of entering host cells? - Answer- No, antibodies can only
recognize and bind to threats on the surface of cells.
What is neutralization? (an antibody effector function) - Answer- It involves blocking a
microbe or toxin from crossing the mucosal barrier or entering host cells. IgA plays a
major role and because it is present at mucosal barriers. IgG is dominant in tissues.
This process does not lead to inflammation.
What is activation of complement? (an antibody effector function) - Answer- This
activation does a lot of things: inflammation and opsonization, as well as complement-
mediated cell lysis. The mechanism involves the FC region of of IgG and is very
versatile. Through one simple interaction, a variety of responses can get activated.
What is opsonization? (an antibody effector function) - Answer- Think of this process as
an enhanced phagocytosis of antigens. It is mainly used for smaller targets. IgG
attaches to the antigen, marking it for destruction. Phagocytes have specific receptors
that bind to the FC region of IgG, then the phagocyte consumes and kills the antigen.
Antibody-dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity (an antibody effector function) - Answer-
This response is particularly good for dealing with large antigens. Natural Killer cells
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