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Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS 231 Unit 7 Exam
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Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS 231Unit 7 Exam
The liver manufactures bile, breaks down hormones and drugs, produces proteins,
glucose, and clotting factors, stores and processes vitamins and minerals, converts
ammonia to urea, and converts fatty acids to ketones. The liver has the capacity to store
large quantities of glucose as glycogen, synthesize glucose from amino acids, glycerol,
and lactic acid in times of fasting or increased demand, and convert excess
carbohydrates into triglycerides for storage in adipose tissue. It is also the major site for
protein synthesis and degradation.
What function(s) does the liver perform?
Mucous membrane: secretes mucus that protects and lubricates the inner lining of the
alimentary canal; secretes digestive enzymes and substances; absorbs end products of
digestion; barrier against noxious substances and pathogenic organisms.
Submucosa: blood vessels, nerves, and a structure that secretes digestive enzymes.
Muscularis externa: inner layer of circularly arranged smooth muscle cells and an outer
layer of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle layers. These layers help to propel the
material along the GI tract.
Serosal layer: which is a serous membrane; outermost layer of organs, called the
visceral peritoneum.
What is the structure and function of the 4 layers of the GI wall?
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, The mesentery is a fold of peritoneum that invests a part or the whole of one of the
abdominal viscera and secures it to the wall of the abdomen. Included within the
mesentery are blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels supplying the wall of the
intestine. It also provides support for the organ and serves as a storage place for fat.
Where is the mesentery?
The omentum is a double-layered extension or fold of peritoneum that passes from the
stomach to adjacent organs in the abdominal cavity or wall. The greater omentum is
loaded with fat and has much mobility to follow the motions of intestines.
What is the omentum?
Rhythmic movements are periodic contractions that serve to mix and propel food
forward. These movements are found in the esophagus, antrum of the stomach, and
small intestine. Tonic movements have a sustained contraction or tone with no regular
relaxations. They are part of the lower esophagus, the upper part of the stomach, the
ileocecal valve, and internal anal sphincter.
Rhythmic movements: Explain how they differ from tonic movements :
The enteric nervous system consists of the myenteric and submucosal plexuses, which
are located in the wall of the GI tract. These two plexuses consist of interlacing
networks of nerve fibers and ganglion cell bodies. Interneurons connect afferent
sensory fibers, efferent motor neurons, and secretory cells to form reflex circuits.
The Enteric Nervous System
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