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Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS 231 Unit 1 Exam
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Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS 231 Unit 1 ExamPathophysiology is defined as not only the cellular and organ changes that occur with
disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total body function.
What is the definition of "pathophysiology"?
Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses), physical forces (trauma, burns, radiation), chemical
agents (poisons, alcohol), one's genetic inheritance, and nutritional excesses or
deficiencies.
Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed.
Risk factors include both congenital conditions, which an individual is born with, and
acquired defects that occur after birth.
What are the 2 types of risk factors?
Morphology is a general term for the external structure or shape of cells or tissues.
Histology is the study of the cellular composition and extracellular matrix of body
tissues.
What is the difference between morphology and histology?
A symptom is a subjective complaint, for example pain, trouble breathing, or dizziness.
A sign is an objective manifestation, for example an elevated temperature, a swollen
extremity, or changes in pupil size.
Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and give an example of each.
,The diagnostic process involves careful history, PE, and sometimes diagnostic tests.
What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis?
Validity refers to a tool's ability to measure what it is intended to measure. Reliability is
the likelihood of the same result occurring if repeated. Sensitivity refers to the
proportion of people with a particular disease who test positive for that disease.
Specificity refers to those without the disease who are negative on a given test.
Validity, Reliability, Sensitivity, and Specificity: define each.
Epidemiology is a branch of science that studies the frequency of diseases in human
populations. It may be related to age, race, dietary habits, lifestyle, or geographic
location.
Define epidemiology and list some things it monitors.
rious
Incidence is the number of new cases in a population at risk during a specified period of
time. Prevalence is the number of people with the disease present in the population at
any specific time.
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?
Morbidity is the effect of an illness on one's life. Mortality statistics deal with the cause
of death in a population.
Define mortality and morbidity.
,Primary prevention is to remove risk factors to prevent disease from occurring- taking
folic acid while pregnant to prevent neural tube defects, vaccinating children to prevent
communicable disease, eating healthy and exercising to prevent heart disease, and
wearing seatbelts or helmets. Secondary prevention attempts to find and treat disease
early, often before a person shows signs or symptoms of the disease and when the
disease can still be cured: annual Pap smears to detect early cervical cancer,
promoting cessation among smokers, blood pressure and cholesterol checks,
colonoscopy screening. Tertiary prevention occurs after a disease has been diagnosed
and clinical intervention is required to prevent complications or deterioration- certain
medications one must take after having a heart attack to help decrease the risk of a
future event or death.
Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention Defined and example each.
Evidence-based practice is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best
evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. This is to counteract
"the way things have always been done," and to practice based on clinical research.
Why is evidence-based practice important?
All eukaryotic cells possess three major structures that are considered the functional
constituents of the cell. These include the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the plasma
membrane.
What are the 3 major structures of the cell?
The nucleus is the control center of the cell and contains primarily the hereditary
material, DNA and RNA.
What is the function of the nucleus?
Chromatin, nucleolus and nuclear envelope
, Name 3 structures that make up the nucleus.
The ribosomes, ER, Golgi complex, mitochondria, and lysosomes are organelles found
in the cytoplasm.
What is some of the names of the organelles in the cytoplasm?
The ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The Rough ER contains
ribosomes and functions to synthesize lysosomal enzymes. The smooth ER does not
contain ribosomes and is the site for lipid, lipoprotein, and steroid hormone synthesis.
What is the function of the ribosomes, rough ER, and smooth ER?
Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell. Peroxisomes are smaller than
lysosomes and function in the control of free radicals. Mitochondria are aptly termed the
"power plants" of the cell, as they transform organic compounds, or energy in food, into
cellular energy for the cell.
What is the function of the lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria?
The cytoskeleton is a network of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments,
and thick filaments. They provide for the maintenance of cell shape and cell motility.
What does the cytoskeleton consist of and what is its function?
Cilia appear on many epithelial linings, for example, in the upper respiratory tract,
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