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Clinical chemistry amt questions with 100% correct answers
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Clinical chemistry amt questions with 100% correct answers
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Clinical chemistry amt questions with100% correct answers
Intravascular Compartment: - correct answer ✔✔consists of body fluids contained within blood and
lymph vessels.
Extravascular Compartment: - correct answer ✔✔consists of body fluids contained OUTSIDE of the blood
and lymph vessels,
i.e. in body tissues/organs. Includes intracellular (within tissue cells) and extracellular (outside of cells, in
interstitial spaces) water.
Electrolytes play a significant role in - correct answer ✔✔the osmotic pressure differences in the body
(along with proteins)
in sustaining life by transmitting electrochemical impulses in nerves and muscles
FUNCTIONS of ELECTROLYTES - correct answer ✔✔Regulation of water distribution
Contributes to osmotic pressure
Nerve transmission to muscles
Cell permeability (passage of solutes and solvents into/out of cells)
Oxidation-reduction reactions
Maintenance of blood pH
,ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE - correct answer ✔✔A life-threatening situation
Can be caused by- excessive vomiting, urination, sweating, diarrhea, bleeding and exudation (from
burns)
MAJOR ELECTROLYTES - correct answer ✔✔Sodium is the major cation in PLASMA and interstitial fluids
Potassium is the major cation in INTRACELLULAR fluids
OSMOSIS - correct answer ✔✔The movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a
HIGHER-concentration solution to a
LOWER-concentration solution (until homeostasis is reached)
The physical force exerted by this movement is called the OSMOTIC PRESSURE
ANION GAP - correct answer ✔✔ANION GAP = [Na+ + K+] - [Cl- + HCO3-]
Thus, the anion gap represents the difference between the UNmeasured anions and the UNmeasured
cations
HIGH ANION GAP - correct answer ✔✔High AG seen in such diseases as-
diabetes (uncontrolled)- due to the formation of ketoacids, and subsequent decrease in HCO3-
,Lactic acidosis
ketoacidosis
Elevated levels of acids (H+) causes a concomitant decrease in HCO3- (bicarbonate buffer), causing the
AG to increase.
LOW ANION GAP - correct answer ✔✔Seen in multiple myeloma
other uses for anion gap - correct answer ✔✔Can be used as a quality control function
SODIUM - correct answer ✔✔Major cation (+) in extracellular fluid
Sodium ingestion causes a temporary increase in extracellular fluid volume- because water follows the
sodium into tissues.
RENAL REGULATION of SODIUM - correct answer ✔✔Mainly controlled by the hormone ALDOSTERONE
secreted by the adrenal cortex
a mineralocorticoid hormone
ALDOSTERONE - correct answer ✔✔Stimulates Na+ reabsorption in kidneys (increasing blood volume
and BP)
Stimulates K+ secretion/elimination in kidneys
Decreased BP and blood volume stimulate aldosterone secretion
ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (ANP) - correct answer ✔✔secreted by the heart
, Regulates BP
FUNCTIONS OF SODIUM - correct answer ✔✔Nerve impulse transmission (responsible for creating the
resting membrane potential via the Na+/K+ pump)
Maintaining osmotic pressure in extracellular fluid
Facilitating muscle contraction (esp. cardiac muscle)
Maintaining acid-base balance (Na+/H+ exchange in renal tubules)
Maintaining blood viscosity (via water excretion/absorption)
Hypernatremia - correct answer ✔✔increased sodium levels (rare)
generally defined as a serum sodium level of more than 145 mmol/L
POTASSIUM - correct answer ✔✔Found in high concentrations in INTRAcellular fluids
Ingested via foods (fruits, vegetables)
Levels regulated by kidneys to maintain homeostasis (via aldosterone)
POTASSIUM- FUNCTIONS - correct answer ✔✔With sodium, creates the resting membrane potential via
Na/K pump
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