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Clinical chemistry amt questions with 100% correct answers

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Clinical chemistry amt questions with 100% correct answers

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  • October 21, 2024
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Clinical chemistry amt questions with
100% correct answers
Intravascular Compartment: - correct answer ✔✔consists of body fluids contained within blood and
lymph vessels.



Extravascular Compartment: - correct answer ✔✔consists of body fluids contained OUTSIDE of the blood
and lymph vessels,



i.e. in body tissues/organs. Includes intracellular (within tissue cells) and extracellular (outside of cells, in
interstitial spaces) water.



Electrolytes play a significant role in - correct answer ✔✔the osmotic pressure differences in the body
(along with proteins)



in sustaining life by transmitting electrochemical impulses in nerves and muscles



FUNCTIONS of ELECTROLYTES - correct answer ✔✔Regulation of water distribution



Contributes to osmotic pressure



Nerve transmission to muscles



Cell permeability (passage of solutes and solvents into/out of cells)



Oxidation-reduction reactions



Maintenance of blood pH

,ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE - correct answer ✔✔A life-threatening situation



Can be caused by- excessive vomiting, urination, sweating, diarrhea, bleeding and exudation (from
burns)



MAJOR ELECTROLYTES - correct answer ✔✔Sodium is the major cation in PLASMA and interstitial fluids




Potassium is the major cation in INTRACELLULAR fluids



OSMOSIS - correct answer ✔✔The movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a



HIGHER-concentration solution to a



LOWER-concentration solution (until homeostasis is reached)




The physical force exerted by this movement is called the OSMOTIC PRESSURE



ANION GAP - correct answer ✔✔ANION GAP = [Na+ + K+] - [Cl- + HCO3-]




Thus, the anion gap represents the difference between the UNmeasured anions and the UNmeasured
cations



HIGH ANION GAP - correct answer ✔✔High AG seen in such diseases as-



diabetes (uncontrolled)- due to the formation of ketoacids, and subsequent decrease in HCO3-

,Lactic acidosis



ketoacidosis



Elevated levels of acids (H+) causes a concomitant decrease in HCO3- (bicarbonate buffer), causing the
AG to increase.



LOW ANION GAP - correct answer ✔✔Seen in multiple myeloma



other uses for anion gap - correct answer ✔✔Can be used as a quality control function



SODIUM - correct answer ✔✔Major cation (+) in extracellular fluid



Sodium ingestion causes a temporary increase in extracellular fluid volume- because water follows the
sodium into tissues.



RENAL REGULATION of SODIUM - correct answer ✔✔Mainly controlled by the hormone ALDOSTERONE



secreted by the adrenal cortex



a mineralocorticoid hormone



ALDOSTERONE - correct answer ✔✔Stimulates Na+ reabsorption in kidneys (increasing blood volume
and BP)



Stimulates K+ secretion/elimination in kidneys



Decreased BP and blood volume stimulate aldosterone secretion



ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (ANP) - correct answer ✔✔secreted by the heart

, Regulates BP



FUNCTIONS OF SODIUM - correct answer ✔✔Nerve impulse transmission (responsible for creating the
resting membrane potential via the Na+/K+ pump)



Maintaining osmotic pressure in extracellular fluid



Facilitating muscle contraction (esp. cardiac muscle)



Maintaining acid-base balance (Na+/H+ exchange in renal tubules)



Maintaining blood viscosity (via water excretion/absorption)



Hypernatremia - correct answer ✔✔increased sodium levels (rare)




generally defined as a serum sodium level of more than 145 mmol/L



POTASSIUM - correct answer ✔✔Found in high concentrations in INTRAcellular fluids



Ingested via foods (fruits, vegetables)



Levels regulated by kidneys to maintain homeostasis (via aldosterone)



POTASSIUM- FUNCTIONS - correct answer ✔✔With sodium, creates the resting membrane potential via
Na/K pump

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