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2024 NR283 - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - FINAL REVIEW EXAM 1 AND 2 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 NR283 - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - FINAL REVIEW EXAM 1 AND 2 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 NR283 - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY- FINAL REVIEW EXAM 1 AND 2
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
osteoporosis - CORRECT-ANSWERS*Decrease in bone mass and density*
*Forms:*
- Primary - Idiopathic
- Secondary - complication of another disorder
*Patho*
- Bone resorption exceeds formation.
- Results in loss of compact bone
*Signs and symptoms*
- Asymptomatic until fracture occur
- Can cause compression fractures of vertebrae, wrist, or hip
- Can lead to kyphosis and scoliosis
*Predisposing factors*
- Age 50+ years
- Decreased mobility or sedentary lifestyle
- Hormonal factors
-- Excess corticosteroids or parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-- Deficit of estrogen or testosterone
- Deficits of calcium, vitamin D, or protein
- Cigarette smoking
- Lower BMI
- Asian or European ancestry
- Excessive caffeine intake
osteoarthritis - CORRECT-ANSWERS*Degenerative—wear and tear joint
disease*
*Patho*
- Articular cartilage is damaged.
- Surface of cartilage becomes rough and worn
- Joint space becomes narrower.
- Secondary inflammation of surrounding tissue
,*Etiology*
- Primary form
-- weight-bearing, obesity, aging
- Secondary form
-- follows trauma or repetitive use
- Genetic factors thought to play a role
- Weight-bearing joints most frequently affected but finger joints also
involved
*Signs and symptoms*
- *Aching pain with weight-bearing and movement*
- *Joint movement is limited*
- *Predisposition to falls*
- Bony enlargement of distal interphalangeal joints--Heberden's node
- Crepitus
- No systemic signs or changes in serum levels.
- X ray evidence—joint changes
*more pain with activity*
rheumatoid arthritis - CORRECT-ANSWERS*Autoimmune disorder--systemic
inflammatory disease*
*Higher incidence in women, affects all age groups*
*Patho*
- Remissions and exacerbation lead to regressive damage to the joint.
- *Symmetric involvement of the small joints*
*The process of exacerbation*
- *Synovitis*
-- marked inflammation, cell proliferation
- *Pannus formation*
-- granulation tissue spreads.
- *Cartilage erosion*
-- creates unstable joint
- *Fibrosis*
-- calcifies and obliterates joint space
- *Ankylosis*
-- joint fixation and deformity develop if untreated
*Signs and symptoms*
- *Local signs*
-- Symmetric (bilateral) arthritis
-- Morning stiffness--stiffness is easy with activity
-- Joint movement is impaired by the swelling and pain
-- Contractures and deformity---boutonniere deformity
, - *Systemic signs are marked during exacerbation*
-- fatigue
-- malaise
-- anorexia
-- low-grade fever
*pain gets better with activity*
ankylosing spondylitis - CORRECT-ANSWERS*Chronic, progressive,
inflammatory condition*
*Affects sacroiliac joints, intervertebral spaces, costovertebral joints*
- More common in men age 20 to 40 years
- Cause unknown
*Local Signs*
- lower back pain
- morning stiffness
- pain when lying down
- spine becomes rigid
- Relieved by exercise
*Systemic signs*
- fatigue
- fever
- weight loss
- uveitis
gout - CORRECT-ANSWERS*Gouty arthritis*
*deposits of uric acid and crystals in the joint, causing inflammation*
*Common location*
- digital joint
*Risk factors*
- Renal excretion is not adequate
- Dietary factors
-- seafood
-- meat
-- alcohol
- Others: cancer patients, obesity, insulin resistance, and hypertension
*Sign and symptoms*
- *Inflammation* causes redness, swelling, and pain.
- *increase in serum uric acid levels*
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