Psychology 219 Final Exam Questions And Answers Verified Solutions 2024/2025 Updates
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Course
Psychology 219
Institution
Psychology 219
Psychology 219 Final Exam Questions And Answers Verified Solutions 2024/2025 Updates
The finding that older adults place a greater emphasis on emotionally positive information ANS Positivity Effect
The loss of hair cells in the cochlea that accompanies aging and results in difficulty hearing h...
Psychology 219 Final Exam Questions And Answers
The finding that older adults place a greater emphasis on emotionally positive information ANS
Positivity Effect
The loss of hair cells in the cochlea that accompanies aging and results in difficulty hearing high-
pitched sounds. May be resolved with a hearing aid
Damage or loss of hair cells in inner ear
Inability to hear high-pitched sounds
Hard to distinguish "s" and "th" sounds
Hearing aid ANS Presbycusis
The hardening of the lens of the eye that accompanies aging, and results in the difficulty seeing close
up. Often resolved with reading glasses.
Lens undergoes process of gradual thickening and loss of flexibility
Reading glasses or bifocals
Auditory changes associated with aging ANS Presbyopia
The situation in which a person's attention and thoughts wander from the current task to some other,
inappropriate line of thought ANS Mind wandering
Tulving's hypothesis that the specific nature of an item's encoding, including the entire context it was
encoded in, determines how effectively the item can be retrieved ANS Encoding specificity effect
An increase in response time for an increased number of associations with a concept on a study list
ANS Fan effect
Remembering to do something in the future; e.g., remembering to make a phone call tomorrow
Remembering to do something in the future
Related to frontal lobe functioning and metamemory
,Time-based prospective memory More decline in this typeUse of external cues to make up for
declineEffect in lab reversed in field - older individuals have less of a memory problem in the real
world - able to compensate and use strategies not available in the lab ANS Prospective memory
When a person unconsciously plagiarizes something heard or read, and because he or she has
forgotten the source mistakenly thinks that it is an original idea. ANS Cryptomnesia
The ability to accurately remember the source of a memory, be it something you encountered in the
world directly or learned indirectly from another source ANS Source monitoring
Cross-sectional study: snapshot in time, group of younger adults compared to a group of older adults
*Easier to do, less expensive, produce results fairly quickly
*Major problem: any observed age-related differences may be due to natural aging
- Longitudinal study: following a group over time, same group repeatedly tested at different times
*More difficult and more expensive, drop out, longer to produce meaningful results
What can initially look like an age-related decline in cross-sectional studies might turn out to be an
artifact of testing different groups of people ANS Studies for assessing cognitive aging
Neurons fire more slowly.
Slowdown with more complex tasksWon't complete some tasks
Poorer memory performance
Complex trains of thought derailed ANS Decline in speed of Neural processing
Less effective with age
Particularly dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Central executive part of working memory
Declines in source monitoring (what is the source of information) and prospective memory (what
needs to be done at a later time) ANS Decline in the frontal lobes
Dopamine: neurotransmitter
Controls attention and cognitive processes
,Attentional processes less effective
Focus less effective ANS Decline in the dopamine system
Involved in memory and long-term potentiation of the hippocampus
LTM may be disrupted.
Episodic information harder to recall ANS Decline in the operation of the temporal lobes
Processes spread across two hemispheres
Slows down functioning because of neural processing bilateral rather than one hemisphere ANS
Decrease in the lateralization of brain hemispheres
Greater cortical thickness
A larger hippocampus
More preserved caudate nucleus
More preserved tracts of white matter (myelinated neurons) ANS Factors associated with better
neurological structures in aging
Physically active
*Better physical health corresponds to better cognitive health
Intellectually active
*Mental challenges, working puzzles, reading books
Socially active ANS Many ways to keep your cognition working optimally as you age
About half of variance in cognitive decline due to genetic factors
Experience also plays a role.
Plasticity
More variability on cognitive measures in older adults than in younger people ANS Age-Related
Neurological Changes
*Multiple factors
, Large knowledge base
Wide variety of experiences ANS Age-Related Neurological Changes
*Starting with a large reserve
Something surprising such as a sudden, unexpected loud noise it will be less likely to grab their
attention ANS Decline in size of the orienting reflex
Less efficient at search task
Harder time finding objects in home
Increase in inattentional blindness
Trying to find an object in a display of irrelevant distractors.
Research using this task has found that emotions, particularly negative emotions such as fear, can
influence this task ANS Visual search
Occurs with practice
Change more gradual with older adults
Harder to reach high levels of automaticity ANS Shift from controlled to automatic processing
Less effective at inhibiting attention to irrelevant stimuli
Less able to inhibit attention to irrelevant information and keep it out of the stream of processing
Increased distractibility
May be due to decline in cortical areas devoted to attention control ANS Decline in the
effectiveness of inhibitory processes
Attention capture: salient, unattended stimulus "captures" attention
Pop-out effects on visual features
*no difference for young or old adults ANS Attention Preservation and Improvement
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