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COGS 115 MIDTERM EXAM WITH ALL ANSWERS CORRECT
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COGS 115 MIDTERM EXAM WITH ALL ANSWERS CORRECT
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COGS 115 MIDTERM EXAM WITH ALLANSWERS CORRECT
Lecture b1 b- b bcorrect banswer-
Any bprocess brequiring binformation bprocessing bwithin ba
complex b(neural) bsystem, bresulting bin bstate bchanges bthat
contribute btowards baction bor bre-presentation b- b bcorrect banswer-Cognition
Developmental bpsychologists bwant bto bknow... b- b bcorrect banswer--How bto
bcharacterize bthese bbehaviors?
• bDetails: b"Uses blanguage" bisn't bspecific benough
• bHard bto binfer band bspecifically bdescribe bwhat bchanged!
- bHow bdoes bchange boccur?
• bSame bin bhuman b& bother bapes? bPrimates? bMammals?
• bSame bin ball bchildren, bor bvariable?
• bWhy bdoes bit bsometimes bgo bwrong?
origins bin bcognitive bdevelopmental
science b- b bcorrect banswer-Nativism
,_______ busually bsay bnothing babout bbiology, bor bmake
vague breference b(e.g., bevolution) bwithout bknowing bbasic
facts babout bdev bbio bthat bshould bconstrain btheory b- b bcorrect banswer-Nativists
How bmany bkinds bof bcells, bneurons, bneurotransmitters,
receptors, betc., bin bthe bbrain? b- b bcorrect banswer-Cells: bnot bjust bneurons, bglia b
Neurons: banterior bhorn, bbasket, bbipolar, bclimbing, bdendritic, bGolgi bI band
II, bgranule b(several), bmitral, bmossy, bpseudo-unipolar, bPurkinje,
pyramidal, bRGCs, bspindle, bspiny b... b
Neurotransmitters: b
-Ach; bDa, b5-HT, bNe, bEpi b
-Amino bacids: bGlu, bGABA, bAsp, bD-serine, bGlycine,; bPeptides b(P, bY,
opioids); bSteroid bhormones b(Est; bTest)
-Light
How bmany bneurons? b- b bcorrect banswer-86b b(in badult bmales)
Organizational bprinciple:
- bConservation bacross bspecies b(e.g., bproportion bof bcortical bto
cerebellar bneurons)
- bConservation bacross bstructures
ex: b7TMR bor bGPCR bproteins...
- b7 btrans-membrane breceptor bor bG bProtein bCoupled bReceptors b- b bcorrect
banswer-Conservation
Conservation
7 bTrans-Membrane bReceptors b(7TMR) bor bGPCRs: b
•In bALL banimals. bFunctions: bVision, b_______________ b, bmood, barousal,
binflammation, b_________ b___________ b, b___________ b(e.g., bH2O), bmotor
bresponse b(worms) b- b bcorrect banswer-chemosensation
autonomic bresponse
homeostasis
7 bTrans-Membrane bReceptors b(7TMR) bor bGPCRs: b
• bLigands: bDA b(dopamine), b5HT b(serotonin), bNe b(norepinephrine), bGABA,
bpeptides
(e.g., boxytocin), bglutamate, bhistamine, bcalcitonin, blight... b- b bcorrect banswer-
Lecture b2 b- b bcorrect banswer-
Why bis bnativism bcompelling? b_______ b-specific, bearly bemerging btraits,
bespecially blanguage
Ex: bsome banimals bshow bcomplex bbehaviors bwithout
apparent btraining bexperience
b- bDark-reared banimals bof bsome bspecies bavoid ba b'visual bcliff'
- bStiles b(p. b5): bstudies bthat b"purport bto bpresent bevidence bof
'core bknowledge' bin bthe babsence bof bprior bexperience" b- b bcorrect banswer-
Species
, Problem bwith bspecies-specific btraits: b
Language:
- bOnly b__ bspecies
- bObviously bthe bparticulars bare blearned
- bBut bmaybe bsome babstract bcharacteristics bare b_________ band
(largely) b__________ b(see bStiles bp. b4)
- bGenetic blinkages bhave bbeen bdocumented bin bfamily-linked
language bdisorder b(FOXP2 bpoint bmutation) b- b bcorrect banswer-1
universal b
invariant
but:
- bSome baspects bof blanguage bare b_________ bby bother bspecies
- bHaven't bconverged bon bwhat's buniversal band binvariant
• bHuge b__________ bin balmost bevery baspect bof blanguage b- b bcorrect banswer-
learnable b
variability
Interpretation bof bball bdropping btest: bNativist b- b bcorrect banswer-• bShows
binfants' b"core b(innate) bknowledge" bof bphysics: bsolid bobjects bcan't
pass bthrough bother bobjects
• b"Core bknowledge," bthough ba bpopular bidea, bremains bvaguely bdefined band
rests bonly bon bdata bfrom bthis bmethod
Interpretation bof bball bdropping btest: bConstructivist b- b bcorrect banswer-• bLarge
bball bis bperceptually bmore bsalient,
• binfants bhave blearned bto blook blonger bat bmore bsalient bevents
• bEvidence bfor bperceptual baccount: bResults bare boften bfragile
Problems bwith bTest: b- b bcorrect banswer-1. bThese bstudies btest binfants bwho've
bbeen bwatching bphysical
events bfor bmonths. bWhat's blearned, b& bwhen?
2. bIf binfants binnately b'understand' bgravity, bwhy bdo b2-year-olds bmake bthis
berror?
*Knowledge bof bhow bphysical bvariables bconstrain bmotion bis bfragile, beven bin
bmuch bolder bchildren
innate bvs. bcongenital:
What's bso bspecial babout bbirth? b- b bcorrect banswer-experience bstarts bat
bconception
What bcounts bas b"learning?" b- b bcorrect banswer-What bwe bthink bof bas b"learning"
bis bonly bone btype bof bexperience bthat bcan bdrive bdevelopment
- bEXAMPLE: bstudies bof bimprinting b(Gottlieb)
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