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Samenvatting antropologische thema's uit de hedendaagse filosofie (E01A3A)
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ANTROPOLOGISCHE THEMA’SIN DE HEDENDAAGSE
FILOSOFIE
Academiejaar ’23 – ‘24
0
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
H1: WAT IS FILOSOFIE? ................................................................................................................................... 1
INLEIDING ............................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 ASPECTEN ............................................................................................................................................................ 1
Attitude........................................................................................................................................................... 1
Methodologie ................................................................................................................................................. 2
Intuïties ......................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Conceptuele analyse..................................................................................................................................................... 2
Gedachte-experimenten .............................................................................................................................................. 2
Domein ........................................................................................................................................................... 3
Wetenschap – filosofie ................................................................................................................................... 3
Filosofie en vooruitgang? ............................................................................................................................... 3
4 DEELDOMEINEN .................................................................................................................................................... 3
Wetenschapsfilosofie...................................................................................................................................... 3
EEN ZEER KORTE GESCHIEDENIS VAN DE WESTERSE FILOSOFIE ............................................................................................ 4
BESLUIT ................................................................................................................................................................. 4
H2: MECHANISERING EN DOELGERICHTHEID ................................................................................................... 5
MECHANISERING VAN HET WERELDBEELD ..................................................................................................................... 5
Wetenschappelijke revolutie .......................................................................................................................... 5
Succes van de moderne wetenschappen ..................................................................................................................... 5
Doeloorzaken vs mechanische oorzaken...................................................................................................................... 5
IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) EN TELEOLOGIE ............................................................................................................ 6
Antinomie van het oordeel ............................................................................................................................. 6
DARWIN EN HET DARWINISME .................................................................................................................................... 7
DOMHEID EN DOELGERICHTHEID ................................................................................................................................. 8
Essentialisme .................................................................................................................................................. 8
William Paley – Natural Theology (1802) ....................................................................................................... 8
The argument from design ........................................................................................................................................... 8
Daniel Dennett – slimme ingenieur (1995) ..................................................................................................... 9
FUNCTIES EN NORMEN IN DE NATUUR ........................................................................................................................... 9
Functies........................................................................................................................................................... 9
Biologische norm .......................................................................................................................................... 10
2 problemen.................................................................................................................................................. 10
H3: LICHAAM EN GEEST ................................................................................................................................ 11
DESCARTES’ DUALISME ........................................................................................................................................... 11
DUALISME NA DESCARTES ........................................................................................................................................ 12
Probleem substantiedualisme ...................................................................................................................... 12
Eigenschapsdualisme.................................................................................................................................... 12
DE MENS IS EEN MACHINE ....................................................................................................................................... 13
VAN MATERIALISME NAAR FYSICALISME ...................................................................................................................... 13
2 soorten....................................................................................................................................................... 13
Eliminativistisch fysicalisme........................................................................................................................................ 13
Reductionistisch fysicalisme ....................................................................................................................................... 13
Verklaring succes .......................................................................................................................................... 14
Kritiek ........................................................................................................................................................... 14
H4: LIJDEN EN DOOD..................................................................................................................................... 15
, OPLOSSINGEN VOOR DE DOOD.................................................................................................................................. 15
De dood als oplosbaar probleem .................................................................................................................. 15
HET PROBLEEM VAN HET LIJDEN ................................................................................................................................ 16
Wat maakt de dood zo erg? ......................................................................................................................... 16
lijden en zin ................................................................................................................................................... 16
lijden en genot .............................................................................................................................................. 16
lijden en geluk............................................................................................................................................... 17
IS DE DOOD EEN KWAAD? ........................................................................................................................................ 17
De dood als iets vreselijks ............................................................................................................................. 17
De dood is erg voor nabestaanden ............................................................................................................................. 17
de dood is onvoorstelbaar .......................................................................................................................................... 18
de dood als afwezigheid ............................................................................................................................................. 18
Is het leven dan een goed? ........................................................................................................................... 18
IS ONSTERFELIJKHEID WENSELIJK? .............................................................................................................................. 18
probleem 1: eeuwig leven à verveling ........................................................................................................ 19
probleem 2: eeuwig leven à onmenselijk .................................................................................................... 19
Kritiek ........................................................................................................................................................... 19
H5: WETENSCHAP EN PSEUDOWETENSCHAP ................................................................................................ 20
HET DEMARCATIEPROBLEEM ..................................................................................................................................... 20
Wetenschappelijke revolutie ........................................................................................................................ 20
3 voorbeelden waarin die afbakening van belang is .................................................................................... 20
3 PROBLEMATISCHE OPLOSSINGEN............................................................................................................................. 21
Pseudowetenschap = onjuist (1) ................................................................................................................... 21
Pseudowetenschap = geen observatie (2) .................................................................................................... 21
Pseudowetenschap = geen verifieerbaarheid (3).......................................................................................... 21
KARL POPPER EN FALSIFICATIE .................................................................................................................................. 22
Logik der forschung (1943) ........................................................................................................................... 22
pseudowetenschap = geen falsifieerbaarheid (4) ......................................................................................... 22
problemen .................................................................................................................................................... 23
Te streng ..................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Tegenintuïtief ............................................................................................................................................................. 23
Wetenschappelijke praktijk ........................................................................................................................................ 23
THOMAS KUHN EN INCOMMENSURABILITEIT ............................................................................................................... 23
paradigma’s en wissels ................................................................................................................................. 24
vooruitgang? ................................................................................................................................................ 24
Demarcatiecriterium? ................................................................................................................................... 24
pseudowetenschap = niet probleemoplossend (5) ....................................................................................... 25
H6: WETENSCHAPPELIJKE KENNIS ................................................................................................................. 26
WETENSCHAPPEN EN HUN METHODEN........................................................................................................................ 26
centrale wetenschap? ................................................................................................................................... 26
ZOEKEN NAAR OORZAKEN ........................................................................................................................................ 27
oorzaken en correlatie .................................................................................................................................. 27
David hume – a treatise of human nature (1739) ........................................................................................ 27
noodzakelijk? .............................................................................................................................................................. 27
Voldoende? ................................................................................................................................................................ 27
Probleem van inductie................................................................................................................................................ 28
Karl Popper ................................................................................................................................................... 28
THEORETISCHE OBSERVATIE ...................................................................................................................................... 28
Observatie vs theorie .................................................................................................................................... 28
, theoriegeladen observaties ........................................................................................................................................ 28
Onderdeterminering van de theorie .......................................................................................................................... 29
Wetenschappelijk realisme ........................................................................................................................... 29
BIOMEDISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN ............................................................................................................................... 29
Reële successen ............................................................................................................................................ 29
TOEVAL EN WETENSCHAP ........................................................................................................................................ 30
Gedachte-experiment ................................................................................................................................... 30
Tegenfeitelijke opvatting causaliteit ............................................................................................................ 30
Randomized controlled trials (RCT’s).......................................................................................................................... 30
H7: ZIEKTE..................................................................................................................................................... 32
ZIEKTE EN GEZONDHEID ........................................................................................................................................... 32
Biomedische wetenschappen ....................................................................................................................... 32
Werkinstrumenten........................................................................................................................................ 32
Noodzakelijke en voldoende voorwaarden ................................................................................................... 32
Intuïties rond ziekten .................................................................................................................................... 32
NORMATIVISME..................................................................................................................................................... 33
bepaling ........................................................................................................................................................ 33
voorbeelden .................................................................................................................................................. 33
Biologische norm? ........................................................................................................................................ 33
probleem ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
NATURALISME ....................................................................................................................................................... 34
bepaling ........................................................................................................................................................ 34
probleem ...................................................................................................................................................... 34
HYBRIDISME .......................................................................................................................................................... 34
bepaling ........................................................................................................................................................ 34
2 voorwaarden ........................................................................................................................................................... 34
voorbeeld ...................................................................................................................................................... 35
problemen .................................................................................................................................................... 35
PLURALISME .......................................................................................................................................................... 35
bepaling ........................................................................................................................................................ 35
essentialisme .............................................................................................................................................................. 36
problemen .................................................................................................................................................... 36
ELIMINATIVISME .................................................................................................................................................... 36
bepaling ........................................................................................................................................................ 36
voorbeelden .................................................................................................................................................. 36
problemen .................................................................................................................................................... 37
H8: MEDICALISERING .................................................................................................................................... 38
MEDICALISEREN EN PATHOLOGISEREN ........................................................................................................................ 38
Ivan Illich – Medical Nemeis (1976) .............................................................................................................. 38
terecht? ...................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Overdreven? ............................................................................................................................................................... 39
medicalisering zonder pathologisering? ....................................................................................................... 39
pathologisering zonder medicalisering? ....................................................................................................... 39
OORZAKEN EN GEVOLGEN ........................................................................................................................................ 39
verschillende redenen voor pathologiseren .................................................................................................. 39
voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................................................... 40
voor- en nadelen ........................................................................................................................................... 40
nadelen ....................................................................................................................................................................... 40
vooroordelen .............................................................................................................................................................. 40
, PATHOLOGISERING VAN ZWAARLIJVIGHEID .................................................................................................................. 41
vaststelling WHO .......................................................................................................................................... 41
verzet ............................................................................................................................................................ 41
Argumenten................................................................................................................................................................ 41
GENEALOGIE VAN ZWAARLIJVIGHEID........................................................................................................................... 42
Waarom dan ziekte? .................................................................................................................................... 42
ontstaansgeschiedenis ............................................................................................................................................... 42
H9: VERBETERING ......................................................................................................................................... 43
IS VERBETERING IMMOREEL? .................................................................................................................................... 43
onverantwoorde praktijken? ........................................................................................................................ 43
voor God spelen ......................................................................................................................................................... 43
ongelijkheid ................................................................................................................................................................ 44
wapenwedloop ........................................................................................................................................................... 44
VERBETERING EN MENSELIJKE NATUUR........................................................................................................................ 44
Verbetering en prestatiedrang ..................................................................................................................... 44
Menselijke cultuur ........................................................................................................................................ 45
VERBETERING VS THERAPIE ....................................................................................................................................... 45
kritiek op technologie ................................................................................................................................... 45
2 onderscheidingen....................................................................................................................................... 45
Medische vs niet-medische verbetering..................................................................................................................... 45
3 tegenargumenten ............................................................................................................................................... 45
medische therapie vs medische verbetering .............................................................................................................. 45
3 tegenargumenten ............................................................................................................................................... 46
VERBETERING DOOR GENEZING ................................................................................................................................. 46
bijwerkingen ................................................................................................................................................. 46
probleem ...................................................................................................................................................... 46
BESLUIT ............................................................................................................................................................... 47
Verbetering en pathologisering .................................................................................................................... 47
voorzichtige aanpak ..................................................................................................................................... 47
technologieneutraliteit ................................................................................................................................. 47
H10: HANDICAP ............................................................................................................................................ 48
ZIEKTE EN HAAR GEVOLGEN ...................................................................................................................................... 48
World health organization (WHO) ................................................................................................................ 48
ICIDH-schema ............................................................................................................................................................. 48
kritiek op 2 van de 3 kernbegrippen ........................................................................................................................... 49
Impairment ............................................................................................................................................................ 49
Handicap ................................................................................................................................................................ 49
2 MODELLEN VAN DISABILITY .................................................................................................................................... 50
Aard en oorzaken.......................................................................................................................................... 50
kritiek ............................................................................................................................................................ 50
DISABILITY EN SOCIAALCONSTRUCTIVISME ................................................................................................................... 51
handicap als sociale constructie ................................................................................................................... 51
3 vragen ........................................................................................................................................................ 51
Waarom beweren mensen dat? ................................................................................................................................. 51
Wat wordt geconstrueerd? ........................................................................................................................................ 51
Wie houdt zich bezig met dat construeren?............................................................................................................... 52
BEPERKINGEN WAARDEREN ...................................................................................................................................... 52
mensen met een handicap............................................................................................................................ 52
tegenintuïtief? .............................................................................................................................................. 52
, 3 argumenten mere-difference view.......................................................................................................................... 53
Veel variatie ........................................................................................................................................................... 53
Verschillende getuigenissen .................................................................................................................................. 53
Vergelijking homoseksualiteit................................................................................................................................ 53
BESLUIT ................................................................................................................................................................ 53
H11: SEKSUALITEIT ........................................................................................................................................ 54
CONCEPTEN ROND SEKSUALITEIT ............................................................................................................................... 54
Seksueel verlangen ....................................................................................................................................... 54
seksuele ervaring .......................................................................................................................................... 54
Seksuele activiteit ......................................................................................................................................... 54
Seksuele gerichtheid ..................................................................................................................................... 55
Overzicht ....................................................................................................................................................... 55
PESSIMISME VS OPTIMISME...................................................................................................................................... 55
filosofen over seks/seksualiteit ..................................................................................................................... 55
metafysisch pessimisme ............................................................................................................................... 56
metafysisch optimisme ................................................................................................................................. 56
Metafysisch optimisme – pessimisme .......................................................................................................... 56
NORMATIEVE VRAAGSTUKKEN ................................................................................................................................... 57
morele vs niet-morele evaluatie ................................................................................................................... 57
natuurlijk vs onnatuurlijk .............................................................................................................................. 57
Thomas van Aquino .................................................................................................................................................... 58
Thomas Nagel – Sexual perversion (1969) ................................................................................................................. 58
SEKSUELE ETHIEK .................................................................................................................................................... 59
Toegepaste ethiek ........................................................................................................................................ 59
Instemming ................................................................................................................................................................. 59
Vrijwilligheid ............................................................................................................................................................... 59
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