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Samenvatting Psychologische basisvaardigheden voor gesprek en begeleiding
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PSYCHOLOGISCHEBASISVAARDIGHEDEN VOOR
GESPREK EN BEGELEIDING
Academiejaar ’23 – ’24
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
H1: MET AANDACHT LUISTEREN ALS BASISHOUDING ......................................................1
Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................... 1
Basisinstrumentarium van de hulpverlener ........................................................................................ 1
Luisteren, dat kan elk kind? of is het toch een leerproces ................................................................... 1
Open, aandachtig en met milde nieuwsgierigheid luisteren: startpunt van elke hulpverlening .............. 1
Belang van gehoord (of gezien) worden .............................................................................................. 2
Gehoord worden als helpend om iets te verwerken......................................................................... 2
Gezien wllen worden gaat ontwikkelingspsychologisch vooraf aan gehoord willen worden ............... 2
Het samengaan van (non-) verbale communicatie .......................................................................... 2
Every head is a world ........................................................................................................................ 2
Luisteren en observeren als basisvaardigheden van de hulpverlener ................................................... 2
Luisteren...................................................................................................................................... 3
Voorwaarden tot luisteren die aan het eigenlijke gesprek voorafgaan .................................................. 3
Externe......................................................................................................................................... 3
Interne ......................................................................................................................................... 3
Luisteren met aandacht .................................................................................................................... 3
Non-verbale uitingen van een aandachtige ingesteldheid ................................................................... 3
Oogcontact .................................................................................................................................. 3
Gelaatsexpressie .......................................................................................................................... 3
Paralinguale aspecten .................................................................................................................. 4
Vocale aanmoedigingen ............................................................................................................ 4
Stilte ........................................................................................................................................ 4
Aansluiten bij het taalgebruik van de ander ................................................................................ 4
Lichaamshouding en -beweging .................................................................................................... 4
Gebruik van de ruimte ................................................................................................................... 4
Enkele elementen die bijdragen tot een goede (interne) luisterhouding ............................................... 4
Belang van feedback doorheen je leerproces ................................................................................. 5
Specifieke vaardigheden bij luisteren................................................................................................. 5
De aandacht richten op de cliënt en op je eigen reacties t.a.v. de cliënt ........................................... 5
Het verwerken van manifeste en latente communicatie .................................................................. 5
Patronen en thema’s..................................................................................................................... 5
Een verhaal omvat een gebeuren en affectieve kleur .......................................................................... 6
Sensitiviteit voor metaforen en symbolen .......................................................................................... 6
Correcte vs foute metafore communicatie ..................................................................................... 6
Luisteren binnen een werkrelatie ....................................................................................................... 6
Neutrale of Sobere neutraliteit ...................................................................................................... 6
Warme ontvankelijkheid................................................................................................................ 6
Gedoseerde relatie ....................................................................................................................... 7
Afstand – nabijheid ................................................................................................................... 7
Leiding geven – volgen ............................................................................................................... 7
Negativiteit toelaten – relatie goed houden ................................................................................. 7
Blokkades bij het luisteren ................................................................................................................ 7
,H2: EEN BASISHOUDING VAN ACTIEVE RECEPTIVITEIT .....................................................8
Inleiding: participerend observeren bij kinderen vs gesprek bij volwassenen .................................. 8
Gemeenschappelijke facetten .......................................................................................................... 8
Verschillen ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Hoezo participerend observeren? ................................................................................................. 8
2 pijlers van het participerend observeren ..................................................................................... 8
Observatiekader........................................................................................................................... 9
Uitgangspunten ................................................................................................................................ 9
Meervoudige bepaaldheid van gedrag ............................................................................................ 9
Ontwikkelingscomponent van gedrag ............................................................................................ 9
Observatiecategorieën ..................................................................................................................... 9
Lichamelijke verschijning (fysisch, neurologisch en motorisch)....................................................... 9
Intellectueel functioneren en denkprocessen ................................................................................ 9
Spraak en taal............................................................................................................................... 9
Algemene stemming ................................................................................................................... 10
Relationele capaciteiten ............................................................................................................. 10
Specifieke angsten en affecten .................................................................................................... 10
Het Gebruik dat het kind maakt van de ruimte .............................................................................. 10
Ontwikkeling van spel en gesprek ................................................................................................ 10
Ontwikkeling van spel ............................................................................................................. 10
Formele aspecten van het gesprek .......................................................................................... 11
De thematische inhoud van spel en gesprek............................................................................. 11
Thematische ontwikkeling in spel en gesprek ............................................................................... 11
Het verloop van een observatie .................................................................................................... 11
Voorbereiding ................................................................................................................................. 11
Beginfase ....................................................................................................................................... 11
Middenfase .................................................................................................................................... 12
Eindfase ......................................................................................................................................... 12
H3: BASISVAARDIGHEDEN ............................................................................................... 13
Wat zijn vaardigheden? ................................................................................................................ 13
Hulpverlener ............................................................................................................................... 13
Gesprekmodel van egan .............................................................................................................. 13
Probleemverheldering .................................................................................................................... 13
1ste gesprek ................................................................................................................................. 13
Rollen hulpverlener ..................................................................................................................... 14
Vertrouwensfiguur .......................................................................................................................... 14
Mededeelzame detectieve .............................................................................................................. 14
Docent ........................................................................................................................................... 14
Coach ............................................................................................................................................ 15
Welke rollen doorgaans waar? ........................................................................................................ 15
, Luisteren..................................................................................................................................... 15
Selectieve luistervaardigheden ....................................................................................................... 15
Vragen stellen ............................................................................................................................ 15
Parafraseren van de inhoud ......................................................................................................... 16
Reflecteren van gevoel ................................................................................................................ 16
Concretiseren ............................................................................................................................ 16
Samenvatten .............................................................................................................................. 17
H4: VERDIEPENDE VAARDIGHEDEN ................................................................................ 18
Basisluistervaardigheden ............................................................................................................ 18
Verdiepende vaardigheden .......................................................................................................... 18
Exploratie-bevorderende vaardigheden ........................................................................................... 19
Reflectie van de onderliggende beleving ...................................................................................... 19
Interpreteren .............................................................................................................................. 19
Zelfonthulling ............................................................................................................................. 20
Hier en nu................................................................................................................................... 20
Ontregelende/uitdagende vaardigheden .......................................................................................... 21
Confronteren .............................................................................................................................. 21
Directheid .................................................................................................................................. 21
H5: EMPATHIE ................................................................................................................... 23
Deelprocessen in begeleiding ...................................................................................................... 23
Empathische resonantie ................................................................................................................. 23
Empatische expressie of communicatie .......................................................................................... 24
Perceptie van empathie .................................................................................................................. 24
Empathische cyclus in begeleiding .............................................................................................. 24
Functies van empathie ................................................................................................................ 25
Interpersoonlijke functie ................................................................................................................. 25
Deconstructieve, evocerende of exploratieve functie ....................................................................... 25
Affect-regulerende functie .............................................................................................................. 25
Versterkende functie ...................................................................................................................... 25
H6: EMOTIE ........................................................................................................................ 26
Waarom werken met emoties?..................................................................................................... 26
Problemen met emoties.................................................................................................................. 26
Uitkomsten van hulpverlening ......................................................................................................... 26
Emotie en proces......................................................................................................................... 26
Adaptieve emoties en hulpverlening ................................................................................................ 26
Maladaptieve emoties en hulpverlening ........................................................................................... 27
Emotie en de hulpverlener ........................................................................................................... 27
Aandachtspunten ........................................................................................................................... 27
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