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Samenvatting Psychologische basisvaardigheden voor gesprek en begeleiding (P0V87A)
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PSYCHOLOGISCHEBASISVAARDIGHEDEN VOOR
GESPREK EN BEGELEIDING
Academiejaar ’23 – ’24
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
H1: MET AANDACHT LUISTEREN ALS BASISHOUDING ......................................................1
Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................... 1
Basisinstrumentarium van de hulpverlener ........................................................................................ 1
Luisteren, dat kan elk kind? of is het toch een leerproces ................................................................... 1
Open, aandachtig en met milde nieuwsgierigheid luisteren: startpunt van elke hulpverlening .............. 1
Belang van gehoord (of gezien) worden .............................................................................................. 2
Gehoord worden als helpend om iets te verwerken......................................................................... 2
Gezien wllen worden gaat ontwikkelingspsychologisch vooraf aan gehoord willen worden ............... 2
Het samengaan van (non-) verbale communicatie .......................................................................... 2
Every head is a world ........................................................................................................................ 2
Luisteren en observeren als basisvaardigheden van de hulpverlener ................................................... 2
Luisteren...................................................................................................................................... 3
Voorwaarden tot luisteren die aan het eigenlijke gesprek voorafgaan .................................................. 3
Externe......................................................................................................................................... 3
Interne ......................................................................................................................................... 3
Luisteren met aandacht .................................................................................................................... 3
Non-verbale uitingen van een aandachtige ingesteldheid ................................................................... 3
Oogcontact .................................................................................................................................. 3
Gelaatsexpressie .......................................................................................................................... 3
Paralinguale aspecten .................................................................................................................. 4
Vocale aanmoedigingen ............................................................................................................ 4
Stilte ........................................................................................................................................ 4
Aansluiten bij het taalgebruik van de ander ................................................................................ 4
Lichaamshouding en -beweging .................................................................................................... 4
Gebruik van de ruimte ................................................................................................................... 4
Enkele elementen die bijdragen tot een goede (interne) luisterhouding ............................................... 4
Belang van feedback doorheen je leerproces ................................................................................. 5
Specifieke vaardigheden bij luisteren................................................................................................. 5
De aandacht richten op de cliënt en op je eigen reacties t.a.v. de cliënt ........................................... 5
Het verwerken van manifeste en latente communicatie .................................................................. 5
Patronen en thema’s..................................................................................................................... 5
Een verhaal omvat een gebeuren en affectieve kleur .......................................................................... 6
Sensitiviteit voor metaforen en symbolen .......................................................................................... 6
Correcte vs foute metafore communicatie ..................................................................................... 6
Luisteren binnen een werkrelatie ....................................................................................................... 6
Neutrale of Sobere neutraliteit ...................................................................................................... 6
Warme ontvankelijkheid................................................................................................................ 6
Gedoseerde relatie ....................................................................................................................... 7
Afstand – nabijheid ................................................................................................................... 7
Leiding geven – volgen ............................................................................................................... 7
Negativiteit toelaten – relatie goed houden ................................................................................. 7
Blokkades bij het luisteren ................................................................................................................ 7
,H2: EEN BASISHOUDING VAN ACTIEVE RECEPTIVITEIT .....................................................8
Inleiding: participerend observeren bij kinderen vs gesprek bij volwassenen .................................. 8
Gemeenschappelijke facetten .......................................................................................................... 8
Verschillen ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Hoezo participerend observeren? ................................................................................................. 8
2 pijlers van het participerend observeren ..................................................................................... 8
Observatiekader........................................................................................................................... 9
Uitgangspunten ................................................................................................................................ 9
Meervoudige bepaaldheid van gedrag ............................................................................................ 9
Ontwikkelingscomponent van gedrag ............................................................................................ 9
Observatiecategorieën ..................................................................................................................... 9
Lichamelijke verschijning (fysisch, neurologisch en motorisch)....................................................... 9
Intellectueel functioneren en denkprocessen ................................................................................ 9
Spraak en taal............................................................................................................................... 9
Algemene stemming ................................................................................................................... 10
Relationele capaciteiten ............................................................................................................. 10
Specifieke angsten en affecten .................................................................................................... 10
Het Gebruik dat het kind maakt van de ruimte .............................................................................. 10
Ontwikkeling van spel en gesprek ................................................................................................ 10
Ontwikkeling van spel ............................................................................................................. 10
Formele aspecten van het gesprek .......................................................................................... 11
De thematische inhoud van spel en gesprek............................................................................. 11
Thematische ontwikkeling in spel en gesprek ............................................................................... 11
Het verloop van een observatie .................................................................................................... 11
Voorbereiding ................................................................................................................................. 11
Beginfase ....................................................................................................................................... 11
Middenfase .................................................................................................................................... 12
Eindfase ......................................................................................................................................... 12
H3: BASISVAARDIGHEDEN ............................................................................................... 13
Wat zijn vaardigheden? ................................................................................................................ 13
Hulpverlener ............................................................................................................................... 13
Gesprekmodel van egan .............................................................................................................. 13
Probleemverheldering .................................................................................................................... 13
1ste gesprek ................................................................................................................................. 13
Rollen hulpverlener ..................................................................................................................... 14
Vertrouwensfiguur .......................................................................................................................... 14
Mededeelzame detectieve .............................................................................................................. 14
Docent ........................................................................................................................................... 14
Coach ............................................................................................................................................ 15
Welke rollen doorgaans waar? ........................................................................................................ 15
,Luisteren..................................................................................................................................... 15
Selectieve luistervaardigheden ....................................................................................................... 15
Vragen stellen ............................................................................................................................ 15
Parafraseren van de inhoud ......................................................................................................... 16
Reflecteren van gevoel ................................................................................................................ 16
Concretiseren ............................................................................................................................ 16
Samenvatten .............................................................................................................................. 17
H4: VERDIEPENDE VAARDIGHEDEN ................................................................................ 18
Basisluistervaardigheden ............................................................................................................ 18
Verdiepende vaardigheden .......................................................................................................... 18
Exploratie-bevorderende vaardigheden ........................................................................................... 19
Reflectie van de onderliggende beleving ...................................................................................... 19
Interpreteren .............................................................................................................................. 19
Zelfonthulling ............................................................................................................................. 20
Hier en nu................................................................................................................................... 20
Ontregelende/uitdagende vaardigheden .......................................................................................... 21
Confronteren .............................................................................................................................. 21
Directheid .................................................................................................................................. 21
H5: EMPATHIE ................................................................................................................... 23
Deelprocessen in begeleiding ...................................................................................................... 23
Empathische resonantie ................................................................................................................. 23
Empatische expressie of communicatie .......................................................................................... 24
Perceptie van empathie .................................................................................................................. 24
Empathische cyclus in begeleiding .............................................................................................. 24
Functies van empathie ................................................................................................................ 25
Interpersoonlijke functie ................................................................................................................. 25
Deconstructieve, evocerende of exploratieve functie ....................................................................... 25
Affect-regulerende functie .............................................................................................................. 25
Versterkende functie ...................................................................................................................... 25
H6: EMOTIE ........................................................................................................................ 26
Waarom werken met emoties?..................................................................................................... 26
Problemen met emoties.................................................................................................................. 26
Uitkomsten van hulpverlening ......................................................................................................... 26
Emotie en proces......................................................................................................................... 26
Adaptieve emoties en hulpverlening ................................................................................................ 26
Maladaptieve emoties en hulpverlening ........................................................................................... 27
Emotie en de hulpverlener ........................................................................................................... 27
Aandachtspunten ........................................................................................................................... 27
, Expressie van emoties ................................................................................................................ 27
Validering van emoties ................................................................................................................ 27
Symboliseren ............................................................................................................................. 27
Vertrouwen eigen belevingsproces .............................................................................................. 28
H7: DE PERSOON VAN DE HULPVERLENER EN BELANG VAN REFLECTIE ...................... 29
Wie wordt er hulpverlener? .......................................................................................................... 29
Keuze voor het werken met mensen en relaties ................................................................................ 29
Keuzedomeinen ............................................................................................................................. 29
Factoren die een rol spelen in keuzes die je maakt ........................................................................... 29
Motivatie om dit werk te doen .......................................................................................................... 30
Soorten motivaties...................................................................................................................... 30
Self-oriented vs other-oriented ................................................................................................ 30
Intrinsiek vs extrinsiek vs negatief ............................................................................................ 30
Specifieke kwetsbaarheden .................................................................................................... 30
Reflectie als basis voor het professioneel handelen...................................................................... 31
Hulpverlener worden = een observerend zelf ontwikkelen................................................................. 31
Essentie van een lerende houding ................................................................................................... 31
Goed hulpverlenen en de kenmerken van de hulpverlener ............................................................ 32
Kwadrant 1: objectieve kenmerken overheen situaties ..................................................................... 32
Leeftijd ....................................................................................................................................... 32
Gender ....................................................................................................................................... 32
Etniciteit..................................................................................................................................... 32
Kwadrant 2: objectieve kenmerken die veranderen overheen de tijd .................................................. 33
Professionele achtergrond .......................................................................................................... 33
Therapeutische stijl .................................................................................................................... 33
Therapeutische interventies ........................................................................................................ 33
Bedenking omtrent objectieve kenmerken ....................................................................................... 33
Kwadrant 3: subjectieve kenmerken overheen situaties.................................................................... 33
Persoonlijkheid ........................................................................................................................... 33
Patronen van coping ................................................................................................................... 33
Relationele kwaliteiten................................................................................................................ 34
Kwadrant 4: subjectieve kenmerken evoluerend doorheen je werk .................................................... 34
Inzicht en reflectie ...................................................................................................................... 34
Professionele identiteiten ........................................................................................................... 34
Handelen vanuit diepgaand verworen ethische principes ................................................................. 34
Basishouding van de hulpverlener ................................................................................................ 35
Rode vlag topics .......................................................................................................................... 35
Ethische kwesties ....................................................................................................................... 36
Thema’s waar je als beginnend hulpverlener mee te maken krijgt...................................................... 36
Vertrouwelijkheid........................................................................................................................ 36
Grenzen van je eigen kunnen herkennen ...................................................................................... 36
Cliënten helpen begrijpen hoe hulpverlening werkt....................................................................... 36
Goede afgrenzing ontwikkelen ..................................................................................................... 36
, Focussen op de noden van de client ............................................................................................ 37
Schadelijke complexe relaties vermijden ..................................................................................... 37
Je bewust zijn van je waarden ...................................................................................................... 37
Ethisch gedrag m.b.t. cultuur ...................................................................................................... 37
Gedraag je volgens ethische codes .............................................................................................. 38
Draag zorg voor jezelf .................................................................................................................. 38
Ethische dilemma’s oplossen ......................................................................................................... 38
ABCDE-strategie ......................................................................................................................... 38
H8: BASISVAARDIGHEDEN VOOR INTERCULTURELE BEGELEIDING.............................. 39
Meer algemene aandachtspunten voor cultuursensitieve GGZ ...................................................... 39
Deskundigheid trainen .................................................................................................................... 39
Medewerkers met migratie- of vluchtachtergrond in de GGZ ............................................................. 39
Aangepast zorgaanbod ................................................................................................................... 39
De cultuur van de ggz transformeren ............................................................................................... 39
cultuur sensitieve vertaling van basisvaardigheden in hulpverlening ............................................. 39
Interculturele communicatie-aspecten ........................................................................................ 40
Topoi-model ................................................................................................................................... 40
Taal ............................................................................................................................................ 40
Ordening .................................................................................................................................... 40
Personen .................................................................................................................................... 40
Organisatie................................................................................................................................. 41
Inzet ........................................................................................................................................... 41
Enkele gevorderde basisvaardigheden voor interculturele begeleiding .......................................... 41
Tolken ............................................................................................................................................ 41
Specifieke migraties, specifieke kwetsbaarheden ............................................................................ 41
Oorsprongsgehechtheid en integratiegerichtheid ............................................................................. 41
Enkele verdere aandachtspunten .................................................................................................... 42
H9: UITKLAREN VAN EEN HULPVRAAG ............................................................................ 43
Hoe begint/wat is een hulpvraag?................................................................................................. 43
Verwachtingen worden gekleurd door .............................................................................................. 43
Verwijzer .................................................................................................................................... 43
Voorgeschiedenis ....................................................................................................................... 43
Context ...................................................................................................................................... 43
Een hulpvraag uitklaren doe je in dialoog ...................................................................................... 44
De vraag achter de vraag ................................................................................................................. 44
Van de feitelijke laag naar een gedeeld perspectief via dialoog.......................................................... 44
Dialoogmodel ................................................................................................................................. 44
3 stappen ................................................................................................................................... 44
Cliënt centraal ........................................................................................................................ 44
Circulariteit benoemen ........................................................................................................... 45
Cliënt in kaart brengen ............................................................................................................ 45
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