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Samenvatting sociologie
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SOCIOLOGIEAcademiejaar ’23 – ‘24
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
H1: HET SOCIOLOGISCH PERSPECTIEF ......................................................................................... 1
HET SOCIALE EN DE SOCIOLOGIE .............................................................................................................. 1
OVER SOCIALE RELATIES, BINDINGEN EN VERBANDEN .................................................................................... 1
VAN VERALGEMEENDE/GEGENERALISEERDE AFHANKELIJKHEID NAAR WERELD-SAMENLEVING ................................... 2
SOCIOLOGISCHE VERBEELDINGSKRACHT .................................................................................................... 3
SOCIOLOGIE EN SOCIAAL ENGAGEMENT ..................................................................................................... 3
GOEDE BEDOELINGEN EN HUN ONBEDOELDE GEVOLGEN ................................................................................ 4
SOCIOLOGIE EN THEORIE ........................................................................................................................ 5
Theoretische referentiekaders in de sociologie .............................................................................. 6
H2: ORDENING EN INVLOED VAN HET SOCIALE ............................................................................. 7
SOCIALE STRUCTUREN EN VERWACHTINGEN ................................................................................................ 7
Socialeordevraag ......................................................................................................................... 7
Sociale structuur ......................................................................................................................... 7
Regelgerichte visie op sociale orde ............................................................................................................ 7
Probabilistische of verwachtingsgerichte visie op sociale orde.................................................................... 7
OBJECTIEVE EN SUBJECTIEVE SOCIALE ONGELIJKHEID ..................................................................................... 8
Objectieve ................................................................................................................................... 8
Subjectieve.................................................................................................................................. 8
Intersectionaliteit ......................................................................................................................... 9
DE HEDENDAAGSE KLASSENMAATSCHAPPIJ ................................................................................................. 9
Sociale laag/stratum .................................................................................................................... 9
Sociale klasse.............................................................................................................................. 9
Klassenschema volgens John Goldthorpe .................................................................................................10
Status/rang//stand/kaste? ...........................................................................................................10
Kastesysteem .............................................................................................................................10
SOCIALE ONGELIJKHEID IN MEERVOUD ...................................................................................................... 11
Etnische stratificatie ...................................................................................................................11
Geslachtsstratificatie ..................................................................................................................11
ZELFDWANG EN SOCIALISATIE ................................................................................................................ 11
Sociale invloeden vraag ...............................................................................................................11
Zelfdwang/zelfbeheersing ...........................................................................................................11
Socialisatie .................................................................................................................................12
Primaire ..................................................................................................................................................12
Secundaire ..............................................................................................................................................12
Tertiare....................................................................................................................................................13
PERSOONLIJKE EN COLLECTIEVE IDENTITEIT ............................................................................................... 13
Persoonlijke identiteit..................................................................................................................13
Collectieve identiteit ...................................................................................................................13
Identificatie ................................................................................................................................14
H3: HET HEDENDAAGSE SAMENLEVEN ......................................................................................... 15
DE GEDIFFERENTIEERDE MAATSCHAPPIJ.................................................................................................... 15
Sociale-tijdsdiagnosevraag..........................................................................................................15
Sociale differentiatie ...................................................................................................................15
Functionele differentiatie .........................................................................................................................15
DE MODERNITEIT VAN DE SOCIOLOGIE ...................................................................................................... 16
Gemeinschaft vs gesellschaft (ferdinand Tönnies) ........................................................................16
, Doelrationalisatie (max weber) ....................................................................................................16
Modernisering.............................................................................................................................17
GLOBALISERING, OF LEVEN IN DE WERELDSAMENLEVING ............................................................................... 17
OVER INDIVIDUALISERING (ULRICH BECK) ................................................................................................. 18
Sociaal-cultureel bekeken ...........................................................................................................18
Individueel bekeken ....................................................................................................................19
≠egoïsme ...................................................................................................................................19
HET GEÏNDIVIDUALISEERDE SAMENLEVEN ................................................................................................. 19
VOORBIJ DE MODERNITEIT? ................................................................................................................... 19
2 fasen .......................................................................................................................................19
Postmoderniteit? ........................................................................................................................20
H4: VOORLOPERS EN GRONDLEGGERS VAN DE SOCIOLOGIE ....................................................... 21
WAAROM BUSINESS AS USUAL? .............................................................................................................. 21
Free rider’s dilemma ...................................................................................................................21
Doemdenken ..............................................................................................................................21
Preventieparadox ........................................................................................................................21
Moderniseringsparadox ...............................................................................................................21
WAAROM NOG STEEDS BUSINESS AS USUAL? .............................................................................................. 21
DE ONTDEKKING VAN HET SOCIALE .......................................................................................................... 21
KARL MARX ........................................................................................................................................ 22
Marx over klassen .......................................................................................................................22
Marx’ materialistische maatschappij............................................................................................22
Marx en de 3 basisvragen ............................................................................................................23
Marx en klimaatkwestie ...............................................................................................................24
EMILE DURKHEIM ................................................................................................................................ 24
Durkheims sociale feiten .............................................................................................................24
Durkheims visie op sociale orde ..................................................................................................25
2 vormen van sociale ordening .................................................................................................................25
MAX WEBER ....................................................................................................................................... 25
Webers begrijpende sociologie ....................................................................................................25
Weber over typen van handelen en sociale orde ...........................................................................26
4 ideaaltypische handelingsmotieven .......................................................................................................26
Weber en sociale orde .............................................................................................................................27
Kapitalisme volgens Weber .........................................................................................................27
OVERZICHT ....................................................................................................................................... 27
H5: SOCIOLOGISCHE VISIES IN MEERVOUD ................................................................................. 28
DE CONFLICTSOCIOLOGISCHE TRADITIE (MARXIAANS EN WEBERIAANS) ............................................................ 28
Conflictsociologie .......................................................................................................................28
Macht (versie Weber) ...............................................................................................................................28
3 vormen van gezag (Weber) .....................................................................................................................28
PIERRE BOURDIEUS’ (1930-2002) KLASSENMODEL .................................................................................... 29
Klassenhabitus en cultuur ...........................................................................................................30
Burgerij/hoge/dominante klasse ...............................................................................................................30
Middenklasse/kleinburgerij ......................................................................................................................30
Arbeidersklasse .......................................................................................................................................30
SOCIALE SYSTEEMTHEORIE (TALCOTT PARSONS) (DURKHEIMIAANS) ................................................................. 31
ROBERT K. MERTONS FUNCTIONALISME (DURKHEIMIAANS) ........................................................................... 31
SYMBOLISCH INTERACTIONISME VOLGENS HERBERT BLUMER (WEBERIAANS) ..................................................... 32
BASISTEGENSTELLINGEN IN DE SOCIOLOGIE ............................................................................................... 33
, H6: CULTUUR ALS IDEEËNGOED EN MIGRATIE .............................................................................. 34
HET MENTALISTISCH CULTUURBEGRIP ...................................................................................................... 34
3 soorten van opvattingen binnen elke collectief gedragen cultuur ................................................34
Overtuigingen ..........................................................................................................................................34
Waarden .................................................................................................................................................34
Normen ...................................................................................................................................................34
Moreel individualisme .................................................................................................................34
GEÏNSTITUTIONALISEERDE CULTUUR ........................................................................................................ 35
(De)-institutionalisering ...............................................................................................................35
Culturele diversiteit .....................................................................................................................36
2 klassieke sociologische mechanismen om, om te gaan met diversiteit ....................................................36
Waardegeneralisatie............................................................................................................................36
Juridisering van overtuigingen, waarden en normen ...............................................................................36
MERTONS HERFORMULERING VAN HET ANOMIEBEGRIP ................................................................................. 37
Mertons anomietypologie ............................................................................................................37
Culturele integratie .....................................................................................................................38
VELE CULTUURDIAGNOSES .................................................................................................................... 38
MIGRATIE .......................................................................................................................................... 39
Acculturatie ................................................................................................................................39
Hegemonie .................................................................................................................................39
Migratie en culturele diversiteit ....................................................................................................40
Vluchteling: definitie in conventie van genève (1951) .................................................................................40
Overtuiging ≠ definitie ..............................................................................................................................40
Attitude vs norm..........................................................................................................................40
Racisme als sociologisch concept ...............................................................................................40
Racisme ideologie ...................................................................................................................................41
H7: DISCRIMINATIE EN RACISME IN DE MODERNE SAMENLEVING ................................................. 42
MICRONIVEAU ................................................................................................................................... 42
Vooroordelen en stereotypes .......................................................................................................42
Verklaringen ...............................................................................................................................42
Sociale ideniteitstheorie (Tajfel en Turner).................................................................................................42
Groepsdreigingstheorie ............................................................................................................................42
Discriminatie ..............................................................................................................................43
Vormen van discriminatie .........................................................................................................................43
MACRONIVEAU ................................................................................................................................... 43
William Edward Burghardt DU bois (1868-1963) ............................................................................43
De sociale constructie van ras .....................................................................................................44
Racisme .....................................................................................................................................44
Post-raciale samenleving .........................................................................................................................44
Alledaags racisme ...................................................................................................................................45
3 componenten ...................................................................................................................................45
Micro-macro link .............................................................................................................................45
Het alledaagse ................................................................................................................................45
Repetitieve acties en interacties ......................................................................................................45
TOEPASSING MESO NIVEAU: RACISME – SEKSISME AAN DE UNIVERSITEIT ............................................................ 46
4 vormen van racisme-seksisme ..................................................................................................46
Rookgordijn van gelijkheid ........................................................................................................................46
Alledaags klonen .....................................................................................................................................46
Patronisatie .............................................................................................................................................46
Paternalisme ...........................................................................................................................................46
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