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Samenvatting sociologie (S0A20B)
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SOCIOLOGIEAcademiejaar ’23 – ‘24
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
H1: HET SOCIOLOGISCH PERSPECTIEF ......................................................................................... 1
HET SOCIALE EN DE SOCIOLOGIE .............................................................................................................. 1
OVER SOCIALE RELATIES, BINDINGEN EN VERBANDEN .................................................................................... 1
VAN VERALGEMEENDE/GEGENERALISEERDE AFHANKELIJKHEID NAAR WERELD-SAMENLEVING ................................... 2
SOCIOLOGISCHE VERBEELDINGSKRACHT .................................................................................................... 3
SOCIOLOGIE EN SOCIAAL ENGAGEMENT ..................................................................................................... 3
GOEDE BEDOELINGEN EN HUN ONBEDOELDE GEVOLGEN ................................................................................ 4
SOCIOLOGIE EN THEORIE ........................................................................................................................ 5
Theoretische referentiekaders in de sociologie .............................................................................. 6
H2: ORDENING EN INVLOED VAN HET SOCIALE ............................................................................. 7
SOCIALE STRUCTUREN EN VERWACHTINGEN ................................................................................................ 7
Socialeordevraag ......................................................................................................................... 7
Sociale structuur ......................................................................................................................... 7
Regelgerichte visie op sociale orde ............................................................................................................ 7
Probabilistische of verwachtingsgerichte visie op sociale orde.................................................................... 7
OBJECTIEVE EN SUBJECTIEVE SOCIALE ONGELIJKHEID ..................................................................................... 8
Objectieve ................................................................................................................................... 8
Subjectieve.................................................................................................................................. 8
Intersectionaliteit ......................................................................................................................... 9
DE HEDENDAAGSE KLASSENMAATSCHAPPIJ ................................................................................................. 9
Sociale laag/stratum .................................................................................................................... 9
Sociale klasse.............................................................................................................................. 9
Klassenschema volgens John Goldthorpe .................................................................................................10
Status/rang//stand/kaste? ...........................................................................................................10
Kastesysteem .............................................................................................................................10
SOCIALE ONGELIJKHEID IN MEERVOUD ...................................................................................................... 11
Etnische stratificatie ...................................................................................................................11
Geslachtsstratificatie ..................................................................................................................11
ZELFDWANG EN SOCIALISATIE ................................................................................................................ 11
Sociale invloeden vraag ...............................................................................................................11
Zelfdwang/zelfbeheersing ...........................................................................................................11
Socialisatie .................................................................................................................................12
Primaire ..................................................................................................................................................12
Secundaire ..............................................................................................................................................12
Tertiare....................................................................................................................................................13
PERSOONLIJKE EN COLLECTIEVE IDENTITEIT ............................................................................................... 13
Persoonlijke identiteit..................................................................................................................13
Collectieve identiteit ...................................................................................................................13
Identificatie ................................................................................................................................14
H3: HET HEDENDAAGSE SAMENLEVEN ......................................................................................... 15
DE GEDIFFERENTIEERDE MAATSCHAPPIJ.................................................................................................... 15
Sociale-tijdsdiagnosevraag..........................................................................................................15
Sociale differentiatie ...................................................................................................................15
Functionele differentiatie .........................................................................................................................15
DE MODERNITEIT VAN DE SOCIOLOGIE ...................................................................................................... 16
Gemeinschaft vs gesellschaft (ferdinand Tönnies) ........................................................................16
, Doelrationalisatie (max weber) ....................................................................................................16
Modernisering.............................................................................................................................17
GLOBALISERING, OF LEVEN IN DE WERELDSAMENLEVING ............................................................................... 17
OVER INDIVIDUALISERING (ULRICH BECK) ................................................................................................. 18
Sociaal-cultureel bekeken ...........................................................................................................18
Individueel bekeken ....................................................................................................................19
≠egoïsme ...................................................................................................................................19
HET GEÏNDIVIDUALISEERDE SAMENLEVEN ................................................................................................. 19
VOORBIJ DE MODERNITEIT? ................................................................................................................... 19
2 fasen .......................................................................................................................................19
Postmoderniteit? ........................................................................................................................20
H4: VOORLOPERS EN GRONDLEGGERS VAN DE SOCIOLOGIE ....................................................... 21
WAAROM BUSINESS AS USUAL? .............................................................................................................. 21
Free rider’s dilemma ...................................................................................................................21
Doemdenken ..............................................................................................................................21
Preventieparadox ........................................................................................................................21
Moderniseringsparadox ...............................................................................................................21
WAAROM NOG STEEDS BUSINESS AS USUAL? .............................................................................................. 21
DE ONTDEKKING VAN HET SOCIALE .......................................................................................................... 21
KARL MARX ........................................................................................................................................ 22
Marx over klassen .......................................................................................................................22
Marx’ materialistische maatschappij............................................................................................22
Marx en de 3 basisvragen ............................................................................................................23
Marx en klimaatkwestie ...............................................................................................................24
EMILE DURKHEIM ................................................................................................................................ 24
Durkheims sociale feiten .............................................................................................................24
Durkheims visie op sociale orde ..................................................................................................25
2 vormen van sociale ordening .................................................................................................................25
MAX WEBER ....................................................................................................................................... 25
Webers begrijpende sociologie ....................................................................................................25
Weber over typen van handelen en sociale orde ...........................................................................26
4 ideaaltypische handelingsmotieven .......................................................................................................26
Weber en sociale orde .............................................................................................................................27
Kapitalisme volgens Weber .........................................................................................................27
OVERZICHT ....................................................................................................................................... 27
H5: SOCIOLOGISCHE VISIES IN MEERVOUD ................................................................................. 28
DE CONFLICTSOCIOLOGISCHE TRADITIE (MARXIAANS EN WEBERIAANS) ............................................................ 28
Conflictsociologie .......................................................................................................................28
Macht (versie Weber) ...............................................................................................................................28
3 vormen van gezag (Weber) .....................................................................................................................28
PIERRE BOURDIEUS’ (1930-2002) KLASSENMODEL .................................................................................... 29
Klassenhabitus en cultuur ...........................................................................................................30
Burgerij/hoge/dominante klasse ...............................................................................................................30
Middenklasse/kleinburgerij ......................................................................................................................30
Arbeidersklasse .......................................................................................................................................30
SOCIALE SYSTEEMTHEORIE (TALCOTT PARSONS) (DURKHEIMIAANS) ................................................................. 31
ROBERT K. MERTONS FUNCTIONALISME (DURKHEIMIAANS) ........................................................................... 31
SYMBOLISCH INTERACTIONISME VOLGENS HERBERT BLUMER (WEBERIAANS) ..................................................... 32
BASISTEGENSTELLINGEN IN DE SOCIOLOGIE ............................................................................................... 33
,H6: CULTUUR ALS IDEEËNGOED EN MIGRATIE .............................................................................. 34
HET MENTALISTISCH CULTUURBEGRIP ...................................................................................................... 34
3 soorten van opvattingen binnen elke collectief gedragen cultuur ................................................34
Overtuigingen ..........................................................................................................................................34
Waarden .................................................................................................................................................34
Normen ...................................................................................................................................................34
Moreel individualisme .................................................................................................................34
GEÏNSTITUTIONALISEERDE CULTUUR ........................................................................................................ 35
(De)-institutionalisering ...............................................................................................................35
Culturele diversiteit .....................................................................................................................36
2 klassieke sociologische mechanismen om, om te gaan met diversiteit ....................................................36
Waardegeneralisatie............................................................................................................................36
Juridisering van overtuigingen, waarden en normen ...............................................................................36
MERTONS HERFORMULERING VAN HET ANOMIEBEGRIP ................................................................................. 37
Mertons anomietypologie ............................................................................................................37
Culturele integratie .....................................................................................................................38
VELE CULTUURDIAGNOSES .................................................................................................................... 38
MIGRATIE .......................................................................................................................................... 39
Acculturatie ................................................................................................................................39
Hegemonie .................................................................................................................................39
Migratie en culturele diversiteit ....................................................................................................40
Vluchteling: definitie in conventie van genève (1951) .................................................................................40
Overtuiging ≠ definitie ..............................................................................................................................40
Attitude vs norm..........................................................................................................................40
Racisme als sociologisch concept ...............................................................................................40
Racisme ideologie ...................................................................................................................................41
H7: DISCRIMINATIE EN RACISME IN DE MODERNE SAMENLEVING ................................................. 42
MICRONIVEAU ................................................................................................................................... 42
Vooroordelen en stereotypes .......................................................................................................42
Verklaringen ...............................................................................................................................42
Sociale ideniteitstheorie (Tajfel en Turner).................................................................................................42
Groepsdreigingstheorie ............................................................................................................................42
Discriminatie ..............................................................................................................................43
Vormen van discriminatie .........................................................................................................................43
MACRONIVEAU ................................................................................................................................... 43
William Edward Burghardt DU bois (1868-1963) ............................................................................43
De sociale constructie van ras .....................................................................................................44
Racisme .....................................................................................................................................44
Post-raciale samenleving .........................................................................................................................44
Alledaags racisme ...................................................................................................................................45
3 componenten ...................................................................................................................................45
Micro-macro link .............................................................................................................................45
Het alledaagse ................................................................................................................................45
Repetitieve acties en interacties ......................................................................................................45
TOEPASSING MESO NIVEAU: RACISME – SEKSISME AAN DE UNIVERSITEIT ............................................................ 46
4 vormen van racisme-seksisme ..................................................................................................46
Rookgordijn van gelijkheid ........................................................................................................................46
Alledaags klonen .....................................................................................................................................46
Patronisatie .............................................................................................................................................46
Paternalisme ...........................................................................................................................................46
,H8: CULTUUR ALS BETEKENISGEVING – GEZINNEN EN DE CORONACRISIS .................................... 47
HET INTERPRETATIEF CULTUURBEGRIP ...................................................................................................... 47
Symbolen ...................................................................................................................................47
TAAL ALS CULTUUR .............................................................................................................................. 47
INTERPRETEREN ALS CLASSIFICEREN ........................................................................................................ 48
CULTURELE INTERPRETATIE- OF DEFINITIESTRIJD .......................................................................................... 49
GEREALISEERDE BETEKENISSEN .............................................................................................................. 49
Judith Butler ...............................................................................................................................49
TEKENWAARDE EN INTERPRETATIE- OF DEFINITIEMACHT ................................................................................ 50
Tekenwaarde van koopwaren ......................................................................................................50
Culturele of symbolische macht ..................................................................................................50
KENNIS IS MACHT ............................................................................................................................... 50
H9: SOCIALISATIE ........................................................................................................................ 51
4 DIMENSIES...................................................................................................................................... 51
H10: SOCIALE ROLLEN EN RELATIES ............................................................................................. 52
DE MENS ALS ROLLENSPELER ................................................................................................................. 52
roltheorie....................................................................................................................................52
Positieveld...............................................................................................................................................52
Positieset ................................................................................................................................................52
Verwachtingen bij een positie ...................................................................................................................52
OVER ROLLENCONFLICTEN .................................................................................................................... 53
Botsende rolverwachtingen .........................................................................................................53
4 mechanismen ..........................................................................................................................54
ROLE TAKING EN MAKING ...................................................................................................................... 54
ERVING GOFFMANS DRAMATURGISCH PERSPECTIEF/THEATHERBENADERING ...................................................... 55
DE VERZELFSTANDIGING VAN PERSOONLIJKE RELATIES ................................................................................. 55
, H1: HET SOCIOLOGISCH PERSPECTIEF
HET SOCIALE EN DE SOCIOLOGIE
• Sociologisch perspectief
o Enerzijds algemene denktrant die het sociale gedurig uiteenlegt in sociale
relaties en, vooral, (on)geziene afhankelijkheden van vaak onbekende anderen
o Anderzijds reeks vragen die de blik van socioloog voortdurend richten bij het
kijken naar sociale relaties of afhankelijkheden
• 4 basisvragen
o Hoe is een geordend samenleven mogelijk?
o Hoe werkt het samenleven door in individuele levens?
o Hoe zien de basiscontouren van onze samenleving eruit?
o Hoe komen we tot algemene, tevens empirisch onderbouwde sociologische
kennis?
§ Kwantitatief onderzoek = in cijfers uitdrukbare bevindingen die gelden
voor de onderzochte sociale groepering
§ Kwalitatief onderzoek = bestudeert sociale fenomenen in de diepte
• Sociologische driehoek = sociologiebeoefening komt neer op 3-delig gebeuren dat
pendelt tussen theorievorming, empirisch onderzoek en (ondersteunen van) sociale
sturing
OVER SOCIALE RELATIES, BINDINGEN EN VERBANDEN
• Sociaal handelen = handelen van actor is georiënteerd op handelen van 1 of meer
andere actoren
• Actor
o = Stelt handelingen en bezit handelingsvermogen
o 2 soorten
§ Individuele = handelen van individuen
§ Collectieve = handelen in naam van sociaal verband
• Sociale relatie, verhouding of betrekking
o = De sociale handelingen van 2 of meer actoren raken met elkaar verweven
o Uitkomst van samenhandelen van 2 of meer actoren
• Basiseigenschappen van samenhandelen
o Zelfreferentialiteit = ieder nieuw element refereert aan eenzelfde soort element
o Dynamisch, tijdsgebonden proces
§ Sociale handelingen vormen de elementaire bouwstenen van sociale
relatie en komen na elkaar in de tijd
§ Sociale relaties zijn dus niet, maar worden à veranderen gedurig, want
er vinden telkens nieuwe handelingen plaats
o Contingent = in zekere mate (on)voorspelbaar
o Reflexief gemonitord = voortdurend succesvol sturen en controleren door de
actor van zijn eigen activiteit
• Afhankelijkheidsverhouding of sociale binding = actoren hebben elkaar nodig
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