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MCAT Organic Chemistry UPDATED Questions and CORRECT Answers
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MCAT Organic Chemistry UPDATED Questions and CORRECT Answers Electrostatic Forces - CORRECT ANSWER- The attractive force between electrons and the nuclei that is responsible for all molecular bonds. Coordinate Covalent Bond - CORRECT ANSWER- One nucleus donates both of the electrons in the ...

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  • October 22, 2024
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MCAT Organic Chemistry UPDATED
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Electrostatic Forces - CORRECT ANSWER- The attractive force between electrons and the
nuclei that is responsible for all molecular bonds.


Coordinate Covalent Bond - CORRECT ANSWER- One nucleus donates both of the
electrons in the bond.


Hybridization - CORRECT ANSWER- sp - 180° - linear


sp2 - 120° - trigonal planar


sp3 - 109.5° - tetrahedral, pyramidal, or bent


dsp3 - 90°, 120° - trigonal-bipyramidal, seesaw, t-shaped, linear


d2sp3 - 90° - octahedral, square pyramidal, square planar


When one or more shape is possible, it is determined by the number and position of the lone
pairs of electrons.


Instantaneous Dipole Moment - CORRECT ANSWER- Exists in an otherwise nonpolar
molecule. Occurs because the electrons in a bond move about the orbital and at any moment
may not be distributed exactly between the two bonding atoms, even when the atoms are
identical.


London Dispersion Forces - CORRECT ANSWER- Occur between two instantaneous
dipoles; the weakest dipole-dipole force (vs. hydrogen bonds which are the strongest dipole-
dipole forces).


Zwitterion - CORRECT ANSWER- A neutral molecule with a positive and negative electrical
charge at different locations within the molecule at a pH of 7.

,Ex: amino acids -> amine group deprotonates the carboxylic acid group.


Isomers - CORRECT ANSWER- Molecules that have the same molecular formula but are
different compounds.


Conformational Isomers (Conformers) - CORRECT ANSWER- Not true isomers - different
spatial orientations of the same molecule. At low temperatures, the anti-conformation is the
most common.


Structural Isomers - CORRECT ANSWER- Have the same molecular formula but different
bond-to-bond connectivity; simplest form of isomer.


Stereoisomers - CORRECT ANSWER- Two molecules with the same molecular formula and
same bond-to-bond connectivity that are not the same compound. Like conformational
isomers but contain at least one *chiral/stereo center (C bonded to 4 different substituents).


2 types:
- Enantiomers
- Diastereomers


Enantiomers - CORRECT ANSWER- Stereoisomers that have opposite absolute
configurations at EACH chiral center (mirror images). Cannot be separated by physical
means.


When in equal concentrations -> racemic mix.


Resolution = the separation of enantiomers.


Same physical and chemical characteristics except in 2 cases:
1) Reactions with other chiral compounds.
2) Reactions with polarized light.


Diastereomers - CORRECT ANSWER- Stereoisomers that are not mirror images (are not the
same compound). Can be separated by physical means (crystallization).

, Geometric isomer: special type of diastereomer, have different physical properties.
- Cis: has dipole moment -> strong intermolecular forces so has high boiling point; lower
symmetry does not form crystals as easily so has lower melting point; has steric hindrance so
has higher heats of combustion.
- Trans: no dipole moment - lower boiling point, higher melting point, lower heats of
combustion.


--> better to use E (Opposite) and Z (same)


Epimer - CORRECT ANSWER- Diastereomers that differ at only one chiral center.


Anomers - CORRECT ANSWER- Two diastereomers formed from a ring closure at an
epimeric C.


Anomeric carbon: the chiral carbon of the anomer.


Ex: glucose - anomeric C determines if it's α-glucose or β-glucose.


Meso Compounds - CORRECT ANSWER- Optically inactive (achiral) molecule with two
chiral centers; have a plane of symmetry between their centers which divides the molecule
into halves that are mirror images of each other.


Absolute Configuration - CORRECT ANSWER- The only way to absolutely describe a chiral
molecule.


R = rectus: right (clockwise)
S = sinister: left (counterclockwise)
*for when H (or any other 4th priority substituent) is on DASHES.


Mirror images of chiral molecules always have opposite absolute configurations.

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