,1. Question : Which of the following mechanisms is
primarily responsible for the development of autoimmune
diseases?
- A) Lack of antigen exposure
- B) Molecular mimicry
- C) Excessive cytokine production
- D) Reduced immune surveillance
Answer : B) Molecular mimicry
Rationale : Molecular mimicry occurs when peptides
from foreign antigens resemble self-antigens, potentially
leading to autoimmune diseases as the immune system
might mistakenly attack its own cells.
2. Question : In the case of myocardial infarction, what
pathophysiological change occurs first?
- A) Necrosis of myocardial tissue
- B) Inflammation of the myocardium
- C) Plaque rupture in coronary arteries
- D) Compensatory hypertrophy
Answer : C) Plaque rupture in coronary arteries
Rationale : Myocardial infarction begins with the rupture
of atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries, leading to
thrombosis and subsequently the occlusion causing tissue
ischemia.
Answer : B) LDLR
Rationale : Mutations in the LDLR gene, which encodes
the low-density lipoprotein receptor, are the most common
cause of familial hypercholesterolemia.
### Fill-in-the-Blank Questions:
4. Question : The hallmark of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) includes chronic bronchitis and
__________.
Answer : emphysema
Rationale : COPD is characterized by airflow limitation
associated with inflammatory responses, primarily featuring
chronic bronchitis and emphysema which involve alveoli
destruction.
5. Question : The pathological process of _____________
involves the progressive loss of renal function over months
or years.
Answer : chronic kidney disease
Rationale : Chronic kidney disease is defined by a
gradual decline in kidney function, possibly leading to end-
stage renal disease.
6. Question : In diabetes insipidus, there is a deficiency in
_____________ or a resistance to its effect.
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