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BIO 508- EXAM 1 QUESTIONS With Complete Solutions
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BIO 508- EXAM 1 QUESTIONS With Complete Solutions
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BIO 508- EXAM 1 QUESTIONS With Complete Solutions______ is a measure of risk but ______ is not, because it does
not take into account the duration of the disease Correct Answer
incidence, prevalence
(the number of deaths) / (the person-years over which a group is
observed) Correct Answer person-years
• a disease caused by a freshwater parasite schistosomes
• Affects the genitourinary or gastrointestinal tracts and the
central nervous systems
• Egypt has the highest endemic prevalence worldwide Correct
Answer schistosomiasis
• Persons living in the community not hospitalized (i.e., census
data, schools, registered voters, insurance lists, random digit
dialing, siblings and relatives)
• Controls should be selected from the same source population
(geographical areas)
• representative and unbiased comparison group
• A control could have been a case but for some reason did not
develop the disease Correct Answer population-based case-
control study
• serve as indicators of disease severity
• help us assessing the effectiveness of treatments over time
• serve as substitute for incidence rates when the disease being
studied is a severe and lethal one Correct Answer mortality
rates
,• The investigator selects the cases and will match the controls
to the cases within a specific cohort.
• Cases and controls should be matched at the same time
• The exposure of interest (biological marker, smoking, air
pollution, etc.) will be assessed in just these selected cases and
controls Correct Answer nested case-control study
• the treatment is allocated randomly to a subject
• Randomization is usually used in conjunction with
concealment of treatment assignment from study subjects as
well as the investigators (blinding) Correct Answer randomized
controlled trials (RCT)
1846-1848; Showed that handwashing decreased the incidence
of puerperal fever caused by Strep. pyogenes Correct Answer
Ignaz Semmelweis
1853-1854; Mapped the occurrence of cholera inLondon
showing that people with the disease drunk or used water from a
water pump in Broad Street Correct Answer John Snow
1858; Showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence
of epidemic typhus Correct Answer Florence Nightingale
2 examples of quality of life questionnaire? Correct Answer
Flanagan's (1978) Quality of Life Scale (QOLS)
McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire (MQOL), 1996, patients
on palliative
,2 factors about basic medical research Correct Answer has high
internal validity but external validity (generalizability) is more
difficult
2 groups in an experiment? Correct Answer experimental &
control ground
2 types of descriptive studies Correct Answer case reports and
case series
2 variables in hypothesis? Correct Answer independent and
dependent
3 main study areas Correct Answer basic medical research,
clinical research, epidemiological research
3 things needed for herd immunity to occur: Correct Answer 1)
disease must be restricted to a single host species
2) immunity must be full and not partial
3) mainly works when people mix randomly
4 examples of data sources? Correct Answer hospital records,
primary care providers' records, questionnaire/interview, health
insurance records
A clinical study must be performed in accordance with the
binding rules of ..... Correct Answer Good Clinical Practice
(GCP
a cross-sectional study is also called a.... Correct Answer
prevalence study
, A form of logical thinking that starts with a general theory or
hypothesis to forecast specific conclusions
from general theory --> to a logically certain conclusion Correct
Answer deductive reasoning
A limitation in recall causes a _____. meaning,
• Controls who were actually exposed are classified as
unexposed
• Cases who were actually not exposed are classified as exposed
Correct Answer misclassification of exposure status
A person who acquires the disease from that exposure is called
a... Correct Answer primary case
A value of _____ indicates that there is no difference in risk or
odds between the groups being compared Correct Answer 1
A value of 1 for odds ratio means.... Correct Answer no
association between exposure and outcome
A value of 1 for relative risk means.... Correct Answer no
difference in risk btw exposed and unexposed groups
Additional evidences that the water from the Broad street pump
was contaminant with cholera Correct Answer 1) people who
should have died didn't die
2) people that died for no apparent reasons
admit many severely ill patients
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