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USABO 2022 mass deck WITH 100- SURE ANSWERS
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EUNICEUSABO 2022 mass deck WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
Symbiotic organisms (aka symbionts) with plants that live on their roots, helping the
Mycorrhizae
plant gain nutrients
A nervous system that moves neural signals in all directions from the stimuli, found in
Nerve net
invertebrates like hydra
Tubes in an insect that help with osmoregulation and excretion; they move waste into
Malpighian tubules the main gut for removal. "Kidneys" of arthropods, they absorb ammonium and
convert it into uric acid, then into the main gut for removal.
Nematocysts Specialized cells for stinging (like on jellyfish)
Contractile Vacuole A special type of vacuole in a cell which can contract itself for osmoregulation
Specialized cells for waste removal (excretion), found in simple organisms like
Flame cells
flatworms (specifically planaria)
Cambium One type of meristem tissue, which is inbetween xylem and phloem
Natural selection happening to only 1 group of a common ancestor species, which
Divergent evolution
makes the group become a different species
- Includes sex hormones, aldosterone, and cortisol
- LIPIDS —> nonpolar —> insoluble in water
Lipid derived hormones: - Remain in circulation for a long time (1 hr); transported by blood proteins
- Are ketones (w/ ketone group) or alcohols (OH group)
- diffuse through the cell membrane
- Name ends w/ "-ine"
- VERY small hormones
Amino-acid derived hormones:
- Made from tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp)
- Polar —> water soluble
- Made from polypeptide chains (like proteins)
Peptide hormones: - Binds to receptors on cell membranes
- Polar —> water soluble
lowers immune defenses, raises the blood sugar level, and inhibits the release of
Function of cortisol
histamine (allergic reaction neurotransmitter)
1/6
, - neurotransmitter
- released when IgE binds to mast cells
Histamine - also released by eosinophils
- causes symptoms of allergic reactions (itchiness, contracted muscle, dilated
capillaries)
Secreted by pituitary gland
ACTH / Adrenocorticotropic hormone Peptide hormone
Facilitates CORTISOL production —> negative feedback loop
Secreted by hypothalamus (big boss!)
CRH / Corticotropin releasing hormone Peptide hormone
Facilitates ACTH production
Monocyte Large white blood cell; precursor to macrophages
spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils + adenoid, appendix, peyer's patch (small
lymphatic organs
intestine)
HOMEOSTASIS - regulate blood volume/pressure, solute concentration, pH
Kidney function
CELLS - stimulate red blood cell production via erythropoietin production
hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by
Erythropoietin (EPO)
bone marrow
1. Renal arteries
Path of blood in kidneys 2. Nephrons
3. Renal Vein
Glomerulus --> sieve, lets toxins out of blood
glomerulus & bowman's capsule
Capsule --> bowl, captures toxins (aka filtrate)
Continuous transcription & translation (at Prokaryotic cells
the same time)
Polycistronic (one finished mRNA --> many Prokarytoic cells
proteins)
Uses 70S ribosome Prokaryotic cells
Shine Dalgrono Sequence Sequence in prokaryotic mRNA that 30S subunit of ribosome binds to
formylated Methienine (fMet) Start codon of prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
5`capping (weird guanosine)
mRNA processing
3` polyadenlyation (AAAAAAA...)
Intron & exon splicing
Monocistronic (one finished mRNA --> one Eukarytoic cells
protein)
Uses 80S ribosome Eukaryotic cells
43S PIC (pre-initiation complex) Part of 40S ribosome subunit that binds to eukarytoic mRNA (from the 5' cap)
Ribosome direction on mRNA 5' to 3'
plays a role in the initiation of TRANSLATION (mRNA binding to ribosomes)
Kozak sequence fancier start codon
NOT ribosomal binding site — that's the 5' cap
2/6
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