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RDCS exam Latest 2024| Questions with Complete Solutions
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RDCS exam Latest 2024| Questions withComplete Solutions
What increasese and decreases TR severity? - ✔Inspiration increases TR
severity Expiration decreases TR severity
What is the Bernoulli Equation? - ✔calculation of the PPG
Changes in TR velocity on serial exams can be related to - ✔- development of CHF or
dilated CMO
- diuretic therapy
- changes in patient postion
Treatment methods of TR - ✔- annuloplasty suture
- bicuspidization
- edge to edge suture
- valve replacement
Where is the IVC measured? - ✔1-2 cm from the RA junction during end expiration
How is hepatic vein flow with severe TR? - ✔systolic reversal
What is the RA and IVC like with severe TR? - ✔dilated, RA volume >33 ml/m^2
Regurgitant jet area with severe TR - ✔>10 cm^2
,Is tricuspid valve prolapse as common as MVP? - ✔no
What do patients usually have with tricuspid valve prolapse? - ✔MVP
What is TVP associated with? - ✔Marfan syndrome, ostium secundum defect and
Ebstein anomaly
What TV leaflets are commonly affected with TVP? - ✔anterior and/or septal leaflet
What can cause a flail TV leaflet? - ✔- ruptured papillary or multiple torn
chordae - blunt chest trauma
What can a flail TV leaflet lead to? - ✔severe TR causing difficulty breathing and
decreased oxygen saturation
most common cause of pulmonic stenosis? - ✔congenital malformation
Pulmonic stenosis is most often seen in - ✔children
Acquired pulmonic stenosis may be seen in patients with _____? - ✔carcinoid syndrome or
rheumatic disease
What valve is least likely to be affected by rheumatic disease? - ✔pulmonic
Congenital pulmonic stenosis is commonly associated with _______. - ✔maternal rubella
clubbing of the fingers
,turner's syndrome
noonan's syndrome
polycythemia
usually has associated VSD
symptoms of pulmonic stenosis - ✔dyspnea on exertion
shortness of breath
chest pain
syncope
fatigue
What views are used for evaluation of pulmonic stenosis? - ✔- left
parasternal - subcostal
What does M-mode show with pulmonic stenosis? - ✔increased a wave >7 mm amplitude
What effect does pulmonic stenosis have on the RA and RV? - ✔RV hypertrophy and
RA dilation
Mild pulmonic stenosis PSV - ✔1-3 m/s
Moderate pulmonic stenosis PSV - ✔3-4 m/s
Severe pulmonic stenosis PSV - ✔>4 m/s
Mild Pulmonic stenosis PPG - ✔<36 mmHg
, Moderate pulmonic stenosis PPG - ✔36-64 mmHg
Severe pulmonic stenosis PPG - ✔>64 mmHg
What is carcinoid syndrom? - ✔tumor forms in GI tract or pancrease that increases
serotonin levels
What does carcinoid most commonly cause? - ✔TR
What side of the heart if affected with carcinoid syndrome? - ✔Right side only due to
the lungs filtering out serotonin from the blood
Difference between tricuspid stenosis caused by carcinoid disease and rheumatic disease. - ✔-
Tricuspid stenosis caused by carcinoid disease causes stiffening of the entire leaflet.
- Tricuspid stenosis caused by rheumatic disease causes tethering og the leaflet tips.
symptoms of a pulmonary embolism - ✔- acute onset of chest pain
- dyspnea
- tachypnea
- hypotension
With a pulmonary embolism what affect does it have on the RV? - ✔- causes dysfunction
and dilation
- hyperdynamic motion of the apex of the RV with akinesis of the free wall
What effect can pulmonary embolism have on the TV and PV? - ✔signigicant TR and PI
most common pathological cause of pulmonic regurgitation - ✔pulmonary HTN
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