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NUR 339 ( LATEST 2024 / 2025 ) EXAM 2 | COMPLETE ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
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NUR 339 ( LATEST 2024 / 2025 ) EXAM 2 | COMPLETE ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
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NUR 339 Exam 21. Homeostasis
level of constancy maintained by body during time of change
2. Control Systems
used to maintain homeostasis—the human body has thou- sands of intricate control systems
Examples
Temperature control, blood glucose control, BP control, fluid balance
3. Feedback mechanisms/loops
-Self-regulating mechanisms which control homeostasis
-3 components
Sensor mechanism - senses disruption in homeostasis
Control center - regulates response in the body, regulated in CNS Effector mechanism - acts to
restore homeostasis.
4. Negative vs positive feedback
-Negative reverses the original change; positive increases the original change.
Negative ex. --> increased blood sugar, increased blood osmolarity (dehydration) Positive ex. --
> labor contractions. Uncommon feedback loop
5. Adaptation
,Ability to respond and maintain stability during rapidly changing conditions in internal and
external environment.
Responses are efficient and effective.
Ex. CHF. Short term response --> Elevates BP, HR, retain fluid. Long term response
--> heart vessel enlarge
6. Stress response
Stress is a state manifested by a specific syndrome of the body developed in response to any
stimuli that made an intense systemic demand on it.
Stressor = event or agent responsible for initiating stress response
When stress occurs, individuals react by either adapting successfully or by failing to adapt
7. Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) --> Alarm stage
Alarm stage
Body senses stress, CNS is aroused, body releases chemicals to initiate fight-or-flight
Chemicals released
catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and cortisol
S/S
increased HR & SV, increased mental acuity, sweaty, shaky, dilated pupils, increased RR
, 8. Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) --> Resistance stage
Resistance stage
Body responds to stressor and attempts to return to homeostasis, utilizes coping mechanisms
Chemicals released
cortisol, glucagon, thyroid hormone, aldosterone S/S
Decreased lymphocytes, immune suppression can result in infection
9. Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) --> Exhaustion stage
Occurs if stressor is prolonged or overwhelms ability of body to defend itself.
Resources are depleted and signs of systemic damage appear. Severe immunodeficiency due to
prolonged stress.
End-organ dysfunction (renal failure, heart failure) due to prolonged stress & SNS stimulation.
Onset of disease.
10. Adaptive (positive) vs. maladaptive (negative) responses
Adaptive re- sponses
regulate blood glucose, fluid balance, temp control, cardiac output
Maladaptive responses
PTSD, alcoholism, depressive disorders, hypertension, gastric issues, headaches, insomnia
11. Examples of stressors
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