Exam (elaborations)
NUR 339 ( LATEST 2024 / 2025 ) EXAM | LATEST QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE GRADE A++ ANSWERS
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NUR 339 ( LATEST 2024 / 2025 ) EXAM | LATEST QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE GRADE A++ ANSWERS
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NUR 339 Exam1. Dysphagia pathophysiology
Answer
difficulty swallowing, due to strokes, esophageal strictures, or cancer
2. Hiatal hernia pathophysiology
Answer
opening in diaphragm where esophagus pass- es becomes enlarged and the stomach pushes up
into lower thorax; type 1 sliding, stomach and esophagus slides in and out of thorax; type 2
paraoesophageal, all or part of stomach pushes up beside esophagus
3. Hiatal hernia clinical manifestations
Answer
can be asymptomatic; heartburn (pyro- sis), regurgitation, dysphagia, large hernia can lead to
food intolerance, nausea, vomiting; hemorrhage or obstruction are more common with type 2
4. Hiatal hernia diagnosis
Answer
Xray, EGD, chest CT, barium swallow
5. Hiatal hernia treatment
Answer
small and frequent meals, sitting up after eating, head of bed up at night (surgery if severe)
6. GERD pathophysiology
Answer
there is a weak lower esophageal sphincter and in- creased intraabdominal pressure, causes
reflux of stomach contents into esophagus which causes mucosal injury
7. GERD risk factors
Answer
high fat foods, caffeine, fluids, gastric distention, cigarette smoking, recumbent posture
,8. GERD clinical manifestations
Answer
heartburn, regurgitation of gastric contents into esophagus; may also have indigestion,
dysphagia, hypersalivation, esophagitis
9. GERD diagnostics
Answer
history and patient complaints, Xrays or scopes
10. GERD treatment
Answer
medications like antacids or antihistamines; avoid large meals, sit up and avoid bending after
meals, weight reduction, avoid aggravating foods, sleep with head elevated
11. Barrett's Esophagus pathophysiology
Answer
lining of esophageal mucosa is al- tered
12. Barrett's esophagus risk factors
Answer
GERD, smoking, obesity
13. Barrett's esophagus clinical manifestations
Answer
GERD, frequent heartburn
14. Barrett's esophagus diagnosis
Answer
EGD shows cell changes
15. Barrett's esophagus treatment
Answer
monitor, ablation
,16. Acute gastritis pathophysiology
Answer
inflammation of gastric mucosa; usually due to a local irritant, like ASA, NSAIDs, alcohol,
corticosteroids, viral/bacterial toxins
17. Acute gastritis clinical manifestations
Answer
heartburn, stomach upset, vomiting, GI bleeding with hematemesis
18. Acute gastritis treatments
Answer
self limiting with complete recovery within several days
19. Chronic gastritis pathophysiology
Answer
chronic inflammatory changes and atro- phy of epithelium; common cause is H. Pylori, which
disrupts gastric mucosa and causes inflammatory response
20. Chronic gastritis clinical manifestations
Answer
fatigue, heartburn after eating, belching, sour taste in mouth, halitosis, early satiety, anorexia,
nausea, vomiting; risk for pernicious anemia due to loss of intrinsic factor produced in stomach
cells
21. Chronic gastritis diagnostics
Answer
endoscope with biopsy, CBC
22. Chronic gastritis treatments
Answer
lifestyle modifications, eradication of microor- ganisms; meds include H pylori antibiotics,
proton pump inhibitors or H2 receptor agonist, and bismuth preparation (Pepto-Bismol,
kaopectate)
, 23. Peptic Ulcer Disease pathophysiology
Answer
mucosa exposed to gastric acid and pepsin causes ulceration (most common in duodenum)
24. Peptic ulcer disease causes and risk factors
Answer
H. pylori infection is most common cause, NSAID/aspirin ingestion; other factors are family
history, blood group O, comorbidities like COPD, liver or kidney disease, smoking,
corticosteroids, warfarin, caffeine intake
25. Peptic ulcer disease clinical manifestations
Answer
burning, gnawing, cramp-like pain; timing of pain (ex. Duodenal is most common 2-3 hours
after eating)
26. Peptic ulcer disease diagnostics
Answer
gastroscopy/duodenoscopy and biopsy for H pylori, barium Xrays, labs (hgb and hct)
27. Peptic ulcer disease treatments
Answer
lifestyle modifications, eradication of microor- ganisms, cauterization
28. Stress Ulcers pathophysiology
Answer
acute mucosal damage after physiologically stressful events (ex. Sepsis, shock, burns); resolve
with recovery
29. Aluminum (Amphogel), Magnesium (Milk of Magnesia), and Calcium (Tums) use
Answer
heartburn, GERD, GI bleed, gastritis, stress ulcer
30. Aluminum (Amphogel), Magnesium (Milk of Magnesia), and Calcium (Tums) actions
Answer
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