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AQA A LEVEL BIOLOGY Paper 1 2022 Questions And Answers.
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10/23/24, 9:58 AMAQA A LEVEL BIOLOGY Paper 1 2022 Questions And Answers
Terms in this set (148)
To control what enters and leaves the cell, acts as a barrier between the cell and its
What is the function of the cell membrane?
environment.
What structural feature of the cell Partially permeable
membrane allows substances to
enter/leave?
States that a membrane is a fluid structure (because phospholipids are constantly
What is the fluid mosaic model?
moving) with a "mosaic" of various proteins embedded in it
Describe the structure and function of Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail, arranged in a bilayer (heads face outwards,
phospholipids. tails face inwards). Lipid-soluble substances only allowed to pass through.
What is the function of cholesterol in the Make phospholipids pack more closely together, restricting the movement of the
CSM? phospholipids, making the membrane less fluid/more rigid.
The (passive) movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of
What is simple diffusion?
low concentration.
The passive movement of a large/charged particle down its concentration gradient
What is facilitated diffusion?
through a carrier/channel protein.
Large molecule binds to a carrier protein in membrane.
What is the process of facilitated diffusion
Protein changes shape.
using a carrier protein?
Protein releases the large molecule on the opposite side of the membrane.
Channel proteins form pores in membrane.
What is the process of facilitated diffusion
Charged particles can diffuse down their concentration gradients to the opposite
using a channel protein?
side of the membrane.
What are the factors affecting simple Concentration gradient, thickness of exchange surface and surface area.
diffusion?
What are the factors affecting facilitated Number of transport proteins and strength of gradient.
diffusion?
Diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane from an area of high
What is osmosis?
water potential to an area of lower water potential.
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Water potential gradient.
What are the factors affecting osmosis? Thickness of exchange surface.
Surface area of exchange surface.
Produce a series of dilutions from 1M sucrose solution (of a variety of different
concentrations, 0M, 0.2M, 0.4M, 0.6M, 0.8M, 1M).
Use a cork borer to cut potatoes into identically-sized chips.
Blot them dry with a paper towel and measure the mass of each using a mass
Outline a method for RP3 (investigation of
balance.
osmosis using potato chips).
Place one chip into each of the sucrose solutions.
Put the test tubes into a water bath at 30°C for 20 minutes.
Take them out and reweigh the mass of the chips.
Calculate the %change in mass for each chip.
The active process of moving molecules from an area of low concentration to an
What is active transport?
area of high concentration using ATP.
Co-transporters.
Name one type of carrier protein and Bind two molecules at once.
describe how it works. The concentration gradient of one of the molecules is used to move the other
molecule against its own concentration gradient.
Glucose/Na+ co-transport.
Na+ actively transported out of the ileum epithelial cells into the blood by the
Na+/K+ pump. This creates a concentration gradient, higher concentration of Na+ in
lumen than inside cell.
Give an example of co-transport in Na+ Defuses into the epithelial cells from the lumen Na+/glucose co-transporter
mammals. proteins.
Co-transporter carries glucose into the cell with the sodium so glucose
concentration inside the cell increases.
Glucose diffuses out of the cell, down its concentration gradient, through a protein
channel, into the blood, by facilitated diffusion.
Speed of individual carrier proteins.
What are the factors affecting active
Number of carrier proteins present.
transport?
Rate of respiration/availability of ATP.
3.2.1 Cell Structure
Eukaryotic cells Complex, include all animal and plant cells (& algal/fungal cells).
Algal: same organelles as plant cells including cell wall and chloroplasts.
Algal and fungal cells
Fungal: similar to plant cells but cell walls made of chitin and no chloroplasts.
Organelles in eukaryotic cells: Membrane-bound compartments which separate metabolic reactions within a cell.
Contains chromosomes which are made from protein bound linear DNA.
Nucleus Controls the cells activities.
DNA contains instructions to make proteins.
Double membrane, inner membrane folded to make cristae.
Mitochondrion Matrix contains enzymes involved in respiration.
Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production.
Double membrane.
Chloroplast (plants)
Site of photosynthesis.
Groups of fluid-filled membrane-bound flattened sacs.
Golgi apparatus Processes and packages new lipids and proteins.
Makes lysosomes.
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