Samenvatting hele boek Psychology - Bernstein incl NVO examen tips
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Course
Inleiding in de psychologie (6471PSYC)
Institution
Universiteit Leiden (UL)
Book
Psychology
Samenvatting van het gehele boek van Bernstein - Psychology Foundations and Frontiers 10e editie. Er is in opgenomen welke onderdelen belangrijk zijn voor het NVO examen, mocht je de samenvatting daarvoor gebruiken
Inleiding in de Psychologie literatuursamenvatting PEDA
Samenvatting Inleiding in de Psychologie, literatuur (foundations and frontiers psychology) + hoorcolleges (eigen cijfer 8)
Samenvatting Inleiding in de Psychologie (6461PS002) 2021-2022
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Bernstein - Psychology: Foundations and Frontiers
10e editie
*Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding tot de Psychologie......................................................................... 6
Definitie van Psychologie............................................................................................. 6
De Geschiedenis van de Psychologie..........................................................................6
Belangrijke Subvelden binnen de Psychologie............................................................ 6
Perspectieven in de Psychologie................................................................................. 7
De Toepassing van Psychologie in het Dagelijks Leven.............................................. 8
*Hoofdstuk 2: Onderzoeksmethoden in de Psychologie.................................................... 9
De Wetenschappelijke Methode...................................................................................9
Onderzoeksontwerpen in de Psychologie.................................................................... 9
1. Experimenteel Onderzoek.................................................................................. 9
2. Correlationeel Onderzoek.................................................................................10
3. Beschrijvend Onderzoek.................................................................................. 10
Betrouwbaarheid en Validiteit in Onderzoek...............................................................11
Ethische Overwegingen in Psychologisch Onderzoek............................................... 11
Data-analyse en Statistiek..........................................................................................12
De Rol van Replicatie in Wetenschap........................................................................ 12
*Hoofdstuk 3: Biopsychologie...........................................................................................14
Wat is Biopsychologie?.............................................................................................. 14
De Structuur en Functie van het Zenuwstelsel...........................................................14
Neuronen: De Bouwstenen van het Zenuwstelsel..................................................... 14
Neurotransmitters en Hun Effecten............................................................................ 15
De Hersenstructuren.................................................................................................. 15
De Hersenschors (Cerebrale Cortex)................................................................... 15
Het Limbisch Systeem..........................................................................................16
De Hersenstam.....................................................................................................16
Genen en Gedrag.......................................................................................................16
Genetica en Erfelijkheid........................................................................................16
De Endocriene Klieren en Hormonen.........................................................................16
De Biologische Basis van Gedrag: Het Belang van Neuroplasticiteit.........................17
*Hoofdstuk 4: Waarneming Perceptie.............................................................................. 18
waarneming en Perceptie: Een Inleiding....................................................................18
Zintuigen en waarneming........................................................................................... 18
Visie (Zicht)...........................................................................................................18
Gehoor..................................................................................................................19
Reuk..................................................................................................................... 19
Smaak.................................................................................................................. 19
Tastzin.................................................................................................................. 19
Perceptie.................................................................................................................... 20
Top-Down en Bottom-Up Verwerking................................................................... 20
Gestaltprincipes van Perceptie.............................................................................20
1
, Perceptuele Constanties...................................................................................... 21
Diepte en Beweging Waarnemen......................................................................... 21
Perceptuele Illusies.................................................................................................... 21
*Hoofdstuk 5: Leren..........................................................................................................22
Wat is Leren?............................................................................................................. 22
Klassieke Conditionering............................................................................................22
Belangrijke Begrippen in Klassieke Conditionering.............................................. 22
Processen binnen Klassieke Conditionering........................................................ 22
Toepassingen van Klassieke Conditionering........................................................ 23
Tips voor NVO:..................................................................................................... 23
Operante Conditionering............................................................................................ 23
Wet van Effect...................................................................................................... 23
Bekrachtiging en Straf.......................................................................................... 23
Bekrachtigingsschema's....................................................................................... 24
Tips voor NVO:..................................................................................................... 24
Vorming (Shaping)................................................................................................24
Extinctie in Operante Conditionering.................................................................... 24
Sociaal Leren / Cognitief Leren en Observationeel Leren..........................................24
Tips voor NVO:..................................................................................................... 25
Biologische Invloeden op Leren................................................................................. 25
Biologische Beperkingen...................................................................................... 25
Neurowetenschappelijke Aspecten van Leren..................................................... 25
Cognitieve Invloeden op Leren...................................................................................26
Latent Leren en Cognitieve Kaarten.....................................................................26
‘Hoofdstuk 6: Geheugen...................................................................................................27
Basisprocessen van geheugen........................................................................................ 27
Soorten geheugen............................................................................................................27
Modellen van geheugen................................................................................................... 27
Opslaan van nieuwe herinneringen..................................................................................28
Herinneren en vergeten....................................................................................................28
Biologische basis van geheugen......................................................................................28
Geheugen verbeteren...................................................................................................... 28
Tips voor het NVO-examen:............................................................................................. 29
‘Hoofdstuk 7: Denken en Taal (Thought and Language)..................................................30
1. De Natuur van Denken...........................................................................................30
Tips voor NVO:..................................................................................................... 30
2. Besluitvorming........................................................................................................ 30
Tips voor NVO:..................................................................................................... 30
3. Taal......................................................................................................................... 31
Tips voor NVO:..................................................................................................... 31
Hoofdstuk 8: Intelligentie (Intelligence)............................................................................ 32
1. Modellen van Intelligentie.......................................................................................32
Tips voor NVO:..................................................................................................... 33
2. Meten van Intelligentie........................................................................................... 33
2
, Tips voor NVO:..................................................................................................... 33
3. De Erfelijkheid en Omgeving van Intelligentie........................................................34
Tips voor NVO:..................................................................................................... 34
4. Groepsverschillen in Intelligentie............................................................................34
Tips voor NVO:..................................................................................................... 35
Extra Tips voor het NVO-examen:................................................................................... 35
Wat is Bewustzijn?..................................................................................................... 36
Slaap en Dromen....................................................................................................... 36
Fasen van Slaap...................................................................................................36
Functies van Slaap............................................................................................... 37
Dromen.................................................................................................................37
Slaapstoornissen.................................................................................................. 37
Veranderde Bewustzijnstoestanden........................................................................... 38
Hypnose............................................................................................................... 38
Meditatie............................................................................................................... 38
Psychoactieve Stoffen................................................................................................ 39
Soorten Psychoactieve Stoffen............................................................................ 39
Verslaving............................................................................................................. 39
Suggesties voor het NVO-examen:..................................................................................40
‘Hoofdstuk 10: Motivatie en Emotie..................................................................................41
Wat is Motivatie?........................................................................................................ 41
Concepten en Theorieën van Motivatie......................................................................41
Motivatie kan uit verschillende bronnen voortkomen, waaronder:............................. 41
● Fysiologische factoren: Hormonen en hersenactiviteit spelen een rol, bijvoorbeeld
door het stimuleren van seksuele interesse............................................................... 41
● Behoeften: Basisbehoeften zoals voedsel, water en slaap.....................................41
● Emotionele factoren: Emoties zoals angst, liefde en woede kunnen het gedrag
sturen......................................................................................................................... 41
● Cognitieve factoren: Percepties, overtuigingen en verwachtingen beïnvloeden hoe
men zich gedraagt...................................................................................................... 41
● Sociale factoren: De invloed van anderen en de omgeving....................................41
Bronnen van Motivatie................................................................................................41
Intrinsieke en Extrinsieke Motivatie............................................................................ 41
Biologische Aspecten van Honger............................................................................. 42
Eetstoornissen............................................................................................................42
Seksuele Motivatie..................................................................................................... 42
Theorieën over Emotie............................................................................................... 43
Emotie en Communicatie........................................................................................... 43
De Relatie tussen Motivatie en Emotie...................................................................... 43
Prestatiemotivatie....................................................................................................... 44
Zelfactualisatie........................................................................................................... 44
Hoofdstuk 11: Human Development.......................................................................................45
Genetische en omgevingsinvloeden................................................................................ 45
Prenatale ontwikkeling..................................................................................................... 45
Cognitieve ontwikkeling in de kindertijd - Piaget's Theorie.............................................. 46
3
, Cognitieve ontwikkeling: Vygotsky's Theorie..............................................................46
Sociale en emotionele ontwikkeling................................................................................. 46
Adolescentie: Identiteit en Zelfontwikkeling......................................................................47
Volwassenheid: Sociale relaties en werk......................................................................... 47
Dood en sterven: Kubler-Ross' Model........................................................................47
Gezondheidspsychologie........................................................................................... 50
Begrip van stress..............................................................................................................50
Soorten stressoren........................................................................................................... 50
Het algemene aanpassingssyndroom (General Adaptation Syndrome, GAS).................50
Fysieke reacties op stress................................................................................................50
Het immuunsysteem en psychoneuro-immunologie.................................................. 51
Psychologische reacties op stress................................................................................... 51
Mediërende factoren in stressbeleving.............................................................................51
Copingstrategieën............................................................................................................ 51
Specifieke copingstrategieën........................................................................................... 51
Stress en gezondheid.......................................................................................................52
Persoonlijkheidskenmerken en stress..............................................................................52
Sociale steun als buffer tegen stress............................................................................... 52
Bevorderen van gezondheidsgedrag............................................................................... 52
NVO Relevante Tips.........................................................................................................52
De psychodynamische benadering.................................................................................. 54
De trait benadering...........................................................................................................54
De biologische benadering...............................................................................................55
De sociaal-cognitieve benadering.................................................................................... 55
De humanistische benadering..........................................................................................55
Persoonlijkheidsmetingen................................................................................................ 56
NVO-relevante tips........................................................................................................... 56
Definitie van psychologische stoornissen.........................................................................58
Criteria voor abnormaliteit.......................................................................................... 58
Verklaringsmodellen van psychologische stoornissen..................................................... 58
Biologische factoren................................................................................................... 58
Psychologische factoren............................................................................................ 58
Socioculturele factoren............................................................................................... 58
Classificatie van psychologische stoornissen.................................................................. 59
Angststoornissen..............................................................................................................59
Obsessieve-compulsieve stoornis (OCD).................................................................. 59
Stemmingsstoornissen..................................................................................................... 59
Schizofrenie......................................................................................................................60
NVO-relevante tips........................................................................................................... 60
Basiskenmerken van Behandeling................................................................................... 61
Psychodynamische Therapie........................................................................................... 61
Humanistische Therapie...................................................................................................61
Gedragstherapie en Cognitieve Gedragstherapie (CGT).................................................62
Biologische Behandelingen.............................................................................................. 62
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