Summary

Samenvatting hele boek Psychology - Bernstein incl NVO examen tips

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Course
Inleiding in de psychologie (6471PSYC)

Institution
Universiteit Leiden (UL)

Book
Psychology

Samenvatting van het gehele boek van Bernstein - Psychology Foundations and Frontiers 10e editie. Er is in opgenomen welke onderdelen belangrijk zijn voor het NVO examen, mocht je de samenvatting daarvoor gebruiken

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Uploaded on October 23, 2024
Number of pages 70
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Type Summary

bernstein
nvo examen
psychologie
ontwikkelingspsychologie
pedagogische wetenschappen
inleiding in de psychologie

Book Title:Psychology

Author(s):Douglas A. Bernstein, Douglas Bernstein

Edition:december 2014
ISBN:9781305114302
Edition:1

Institution
Universiteit Leiden (UL)
Education
Pedagogische Wetenschappen
Course
Inleiding in de psychologie (6471PSYC)

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Bernstein - Psychology: Foundations and Frontiers
10e editie

*Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding tot de Psychologie......................................................................... 6
Definitie van Psychologie............................................................................................. 6
De Geschiedenis van de Psychologie..........................................................................6
Belangrijke Subvelden binnen de Psychologie............................................................ 6
Perspectieven in de Psychologie................................................................................. 7
De Toepassing van Psychologie in het Dagelijks Leven.............................................. 8
*Hoofdstuk 2: Onderzoeksmethoden in de Psychologie.................................................... 9
De Wetenschappelijke Methode...................................................................................9
Onderzoeksontwerpen in de Psychologie.................................................................... 9
1. Experimenteel Onderzoek.................................................................................. 9
2. Correlationeel Onderzoek.................................................................................10
3. Beschrijvend Onderzoek.................................................................................. 10
Betrouwbaarheid en Validiteit in Onderzoek...............................................................11
Ethische Overwegingen in Psychologisch Onderzoek............................................... 11
Data-analyse en Statistiek..........................................................................................12
De Rol van Replicatie in Wetenschap........................................................................ 12
*Hoofdstuk 3: Biopsychologie...........................................................................................14
Wat is Biopsychologie?.............................................................................................. 14
De Structuur en Functie van het Zenuwstelsel...........................................................14
Neuronen: De Bouwstenen van het Zenuwstelsel..................................................... 14
Neurotransmitters en Hun Effecten............................................................................ 15
De Hersenstructuren.................................................................................................. 15
De Hersenschors (Cerebrale Cortex)................................................................... 15
Het Limbisch Systeem..........................................................................................16
De Hersenstam.....................................................................................................16
Genen en Gedrag.......................................................................................................16
Genetica en Erfelijkheid........................................................................................16
De Endocriene Klieren en Hormonen.........................................................................16
De Biologische Basis van Gedrag: Het Belang van Neuroplasticiteit.........................17
*Hoofdstuk 4: Waarneming Perceptie.............................................................................. 18
waarneming en Perceptie: Een Inleiding....................................................................18
Zintuigen en waarneming........................................................................................... 18
Visie (Zicht)...........................................................................................................18
Gehoor..................................................................................................................19
Reuk..................................................................................................................... 19
Smaak.................................................................................................................. 19
Tastzin.................................................................................................................. 19
Perceptie.................................................................................................................... 20
Top-Down en Bottom-Up Verwerking................................................................... 20
Gestaltprincipes van Perceptie.............................................................................20

1

, Perceptuele Constanties...................................................................................... 21
Diepte en Beweging Waarnemen......................................................................... 21
Perceptuele Illusies.................................................................................................... 21
*Hoofdstuk 5: Leren..........................................................................................................22
Wat is Leren?............................................................................................................. 22
Klassieke Conditionering............................................................................................22
Belangrijke Begrippen in Klassieke Conditionering.............................................. 22
Processen binnen Klassieke Conditionering........................................................ 22
Toepassingen van Klassieke Conditionering........................................................ 23
Tips voor NVO:..................................................................................................... 23
Operante Conditionering............................................................................................ 23
Wet van Effect...................................................................................................... 23
Bekrachtiging en Straf.......................................................................................... 23
Bekrachtigingsschema's....................................................................................... 24
Tips voor NVO:..................................................................................................... 24
Vorming (Shaping)................................................................................................24
Extinctie in Operante Conditionering.................................................................... 24
Sociaal Leren / Cognitief Leren en Observationeel Leren..........................................24
Tips voor NVO:..................................................................................................... 25
Biologische Invloeden op Leren................................................................................. 25
Biologische Beperkingen...................................................................................... 25
Neurowetenschappelijke Aspecten van Leren..................................................... 25
Cognitieve Invloeden op Leren...................................................................................26
Latent Leren en Cognitieve Kaarten.....................................................................26
‘Hoofdstuk 6: Geheugen...................................................................................................27
Basisprocessen van geheugen........................................................................................ 27
Soorten geheugen............................................................................................................27
Modellen van geheugen................................................................................................... 27
Opslaan van nieuwe herinneringen..................................................................................28
Herinneren en vergeten....................................................................................................28
Biologische basis van geheugen......................................................................................28
Geheugen verbeteren...................................................................................................... 28
Tips voor het NVO-examen:............................................................................................. 29
‘Hoofdstuk 7: Denken en Taal (Thought and Language)..................................................30
1. De Natuur van Denken...........................................................................................30
Tips voor NVO:..................................................................................................... 30
2. Besluitvorming........................................................................................................ 30
Tips voor NVO:..................................................................................................... 30
3. Taal......................................................................................................................... 31
Tips voor NVO:..................................................................................................... 31
Hoofdstuk 8: Intelligentie (Intelligence)............................................................................ 32
1. Modellen van Intelligentie.......................................................................................32
Tips voor NVO:..................................................................................................... 33
2. Meten van Intelligentie........................................................................................... 33

2

, Tips voor NVO:..................................................................................................... 33
3. De Erfelijkheid en Omgeving van Intelligentie........................................................34
Tips voor NVO:..................................................................................................... 34
4. Groepsverschillen in Intelligentie............................................................................34
Tips voor NVO:..................................................................................................... 35
Extra Tips voor het NVO-examen:................................................................................... 35
Wat is Bewustzijn?..................................................................................................... 36
Slaap en Dromen....................................................................................................... 36
Fasen van Slaap...................................................................................................36
Functies van Slaap............................................................................................... 37
Dromen.................................................................................................................37
Slaapstoornissen.................................................................................................. 37
Veranderde Bewustzijnstoestanden........................................................................... 38
Hypnose............................................................................................................... 38
Meditatie............................................................................................................... 38
Psychoactieve Stoffen................................................................................................ 39
Soorten Psychoactieve Stoffen............................................................................ 39
Verslaving............................................................................................................. 39
Suggesties voor het NVO-examen:..................................................................................40
‘Hoofdstuk 10: Motivatie en Emotie..................................................................................41
Wat is Motivatie?........................................................................................................ 41
Concepten en Theorieën van Motivatie......................................................................41
Motivatie kan uit verschillende bronnen voortkomen, waaronder:............................. 41
● Fysiologische factoren: Hormonen en hersenactiviteit spelen een rol, bijvoorbeeld
door het stimuleren van seksuele interesse............................................................... 41
● Behoeften: Basisbehoeften zoals voedsel, water en slaap.....................................41
● Emotionele factoren: Emoties zoals angst, liefde en woede kunnen het gedrag
sturen......................................................................................................................... 41
● Cognitieve factoren: Percepties, overtuigingen en verwachtingen beïnvloeden hoe
men zich gedraagt...................................................................................................... 41
● Sociale factoren: De invloed van anderen en de omgeving....................................41
Bronnen van Motivatie................................................................................................41
Intrinsieke en Extrinsieke Motivatie............................................................................ 41
Biologische Aspecten van Honger............................................................................. 42
Eetstoornissen............................................................................................................42
Seksuele Motivatie..................................................................................................... 42
Theorieën over Emotie............................................................................................... 43
Emotie en Communicatie........................................................................................... 43
De Relatie tussen Motivatie en Emotie...................................................................... 43
Prestatiemotivatie....................................................................................................... 44
Zelfactualisatie........................................................................................................... 44
Hoofdstuk 11: Human Development.......................................................................................45
Genetische en omgevingsinvloeden................................................................................ 45
Prenatale ontwikkeling..................................................................................................... 45
Cognitieve ontwikkeling in de kindertijd - Piaget's Theorie.............................................. 46

3

, Cognitieve ontwikkeling: Vygotsky's Theorie..............................................................46
Sociale en emotionele ontwikkeling................................................................................. 46
Adolescentie: Identiteit en Zelfontwikkeling......................................................................47
Volwassenheid: Sociale relaties en werk......................................................................... 47
Dood en sterven: Kubler-Ross' Model........................................................................47
Gezondheidspsychologie........................................................................................... 50
Begrip van stress..............................................................................................................50
Soorten stressoren........................................................................................................... 50
Het algemene aanpassingssyndroom (General Adaptation Syndrome, GAS).................50
Fysieke reacties op stress................................................................................................50
Het immuunsysteem en psychoneuro-immunologie.................................................. 51
Psychologische reacties op stress................................................................................... 51
Mediërende factoren in stressbeleving.............................................................................51
Copingstrategieën............................................................................................................ 51
Specifieke copingstrategieën........................................................................................... 51
Stress en gezondheid.......................................................................................................52
Persoonlijkheidskenmerken en stress..............................................................................52
Sociale steun als buffer tegen stress............................................................................... 52
Bevorderen van gezondheidsgedrag............................................................................... 52
NVO Relevante Tips.........................................................................................................52
De psychodynamische benadering.................................................................................. 54
De trait benadering...........................................................................................................54
De biologische benadering...............................................................................................55
De sociaal-cognitieve benadering.................................................................................... 55
De humanistische benadering..........................................................................................55
Persoonlijkheidsmetingen................................................................................................ 56
NVO-relevante tips........................................................................................................... 56
Definitie van psychologische stoornissen.........................................................................58
Criteria voor abnormaliteit.......................................................................................... 58
Verklaringsmodellen van psychologische stoornissen..................................................... 58
Biologische factoren................................................................................................... 58
Psychologische factoren............................................................................................ 58
Socioculturele factoren............................................................................................... 58
Classificatie van psychologische stoornissen.................................................................. 59
Angststoornissen..............................................................................................................59
Obsessieve-compulsieve stoornis (OCD).................................................................. 59
Stemmingsstoornissen..................................................................................................... 59
Schizofrenie......................................................................................................................60
NVO-relevante tips........................................................................................................... 60
Basiskenmerken van Behandeling................................................................................... 61
Psychodynamische Therapie........................................................................................... 61
Humanistische Therapie...................................................................................................61
Gedragstherapie en Cognitieve Gedragstherapie (CGT).................................................62
Biologische Behandelingen.............................................................................................. 62

4

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