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NURS 5334-Advanced pharmacology (2024/2025) FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS || ALREADY GRADED A+ <LATEST VERSION>

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NURS 5334-Advanced pharmacology
(2024/2025) FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS ||
ALREADY GRADED A+
<LATEST VERSION>

How do drugs exit the vascular system? - ANSWER ✔ Typical capillary beds,
Drugs pass between capillary cells rather than through them.

blood-brain barrier - ANSWER ✔ Capillaries of CNS that have tight junctions
preventing free diffusion

Drugs must be able to pass through cells of capillary wall

Only lipid soluble drugs can cross BBB

placental drug transfer - ANSWER ✔ membranes of the placenta do not constitute
an absolute barrier to the passage of drugs

risks with placental drug transfer - ANSWER ✔ Birth defects: Mental retardation,
gross malformations, low birth weight

Mother's use of habitual opioids: Birth of drug-dependent baby

protein binding - ANSWER ✔ ability of drugs to form reversible bonds w/ various
proteins

plasma albumin - ANSWER ✔ most abundant and important protein
large molecule that always remains in the bloodstream

,affects drug distribution

entering cells (distribution) - ANSWER ✔ some drugs need to enter cells to reach
site of action

most drugs must undergo metabolism and excretion

many drugs produce effects by binding w/ receptors on external surface of cell
membrane

drug metabolism (biotransformation) - ANSWER ✔ enzymatic alteration of drug
structure, often takes place in the liver

P450 system - ANSWER ✔ group of hepatic enzyme families in the liver which
metabolize drugs and endogenous compounds

prodrug - ANSWER ✔ A drug that is inactive in its given form and must be
metabolized to its active form in the body, generally by the liver, to be effective.

substrate - ANSWER ✔ reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

inducer - ANSWER ✔ A specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor in
an operon.

therapeutic consequences of drug metabolism - ANSWER ✔ - Accelerated renal
excretion of drugs
- Drug inactivation
- Increased therapeutic action
- Activation of "prodrugs"
- Increased toxicity
- Decreased toxicity

special considerations in drug metabolism - ANSWER ✔ - Age
- Induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes
- First-pass effect
- Nutritional status
- Competition between drugs

, Enterohepatic Recirculation of Drugs - ANSWER ✔ repeating cycle where drug is
transported from the liver -> bile duct -> duodenum -> back to liver via portal
blood

limited to drugs that have undergone glucuronidation (glucuronide can be removed
in duodenum, allowing transport bacl across intestinal wall into blood)

therapeutic consequences of drug metabolism - ANSWER ✔ - increased renal
drug excretion*
- drug inactivation
- increased therapeutic action
- activation of prodrugs

excretion - ANSWER ✔ removal of drugs and their metabolites exit the body
through urine, sweat, saliva, breast milk, or expired air

steps in renal drug excretion - ANSWER ✔ 1. glomerular filtration
2. passive tubular reabsorption
3. active tubular secretion

factors that modify renal drug excretion - ANSWER ✔ - pH-dependent ionization
- competition for active tubular transport
- age

nonrenal routes of drug excretion - ANSWER ✔ breast milk, bile (enterohepatic
recirculation), lungs, sweat, saliva

2 plasma drug levels - ANSWER ✔ 1. minimum effective concentration
2. toxic concentration

therapeutic range - ANSWER ✔ that concentration of drug in the blood serum that
produces the desired effect without causing toxicity

objective of drug dosing = maintain plasma drug levels w/in therapeutic range

single-dose time course - ANSWER ✔ duration of effects is determined largely by
the combination of metabolism and excretion

, therapeutic response maintained for drug levels above minimum effective dose

half-life - ANSWER ✔ the length of time required for the amount of drug in the
body to decrease by 50%

determines dosing interval

drug levels produced w/ repeated doses - ANSWER ✔ process by which plateau
drug levels are achieved

dose response relationship determines... - ANSWER ✔ relationship between the
size of an administered dose & intensity of response produced

determines:
- min amount of drug to be used
- max response drug can elicit
- how much to increase dose to produce desired increase in response

how much to increase dose to produce desired increase in response
- as dose increases -> response becomes larger

maximal efficacy - ANSWER ✔ the largest effect that a drug can produce (height
of the curve)

match the intensity of response w/ patient's need

very high max efficacy is not always more desirable

relative potency - ANSWER ✔ the amount of drug we must give to elicit an effect

rarely an important characteristic of the drug

can be important if lack of potency forces inconveniently large doses

implies nothing about max efficacy; refers to dose needed to produce effects

receptor - ANSWER ✔ any functional macromolecule in a cell to which drug
binds to produce its effects (generally proteins)

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Exam (elaborations) ·

Exam (elaborations)

NURS 5334-Advanced pharmacology (2024/2025) FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS || ALREADY GRADED A+ <LATEST VERSION>

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