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NU 318 Genetics- Exam 3 Study Guide with Complete Solutions $12.49   Add to cart

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NU 318 Genetics- Exam 3 Study Guide with Complete Solutions

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  • NU 318/317
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  • NU 318/317

©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 1/31 NU 318 Genetics- Exam 3 Study Guide with Complete Solutions Define Epigenetics - Ans:-the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur WITHOUT a DNA change - they are chemical o...

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  • October 23, 2024
  • 31
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • NU 318/317
  • NU 318/317
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©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024




NU 318 Genetics- Exam 3 Study Guide
with Complete Solutions


Define Epigenetics - Ans:✔✔-the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur

WITHOUT a DNA change


- they are chemical or environmental modifications




ex: parental diet and environmental toxins


What are the components of the epigenome? - Ans:✔✔-1. methylation


2. micro RNA


3. histone modification


Define methylation - Ans:✔✔-Addition of a chemical tag that turns off gene expression from a parent


- DNA sequence AND methyl tag are passed down to offspring




Page 1/31

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FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024




Histone modification - Ans:✔✔-changes in the structure of histones that make it more or less likely that

a segment of DNA will be transcribed


- chemical tags are attacked to the tails of histones


- when histones are too tightly wound then parts of DNA segments will not be available for transcription


What are micro-RNA? - Ans:✔✔-- small single stranded RNA that bind to mRNA and make it double

stranded


- they prevent translation, and therefore protein synthesis


What is a microbiome? - Ans:✔✔-the microorganisms in a particular environment (including the body or

a part of the body).


- unique to every person


What was the Dutch Hunger Winter? - Ans:✔✔-- a super cold winter that prevented shipments of food


- people survived on 30% of normal intake


- babies malnourished during the LAST few months of gestation remained SMALL


- babies malnourished in FIRST months of gestation had more OBESITY and health problems in the future


What is the relationship between epigenetics and cancer? - Ans:✔✔-WE KNOW:



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FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024




a. cancer represents changes in gene expression


b. damage or loss of expression of suppressor genes can permit expression of cancer genes


c. damage or mutation of an oncogene can make it less susceptible to control by suppressor products


What is the relationship between methylation and cancer? - Ans:✔✔-- this is the most studied

epigenetic mechanism in cancer


- areas around oncogenes are often hypomethylated (increase expression)


- areas around tumor suppressor genes are hypermethylated (decrease expression)


What are cancer preventions and/or therapy research that have been found? - Ans:✔✔-THE FOLLOWING

HELP PREVENT CANCER




1.) There are compounds to PREVENT methylation of suppressor genes


2.) There are compounds to CAUSE oncogenes to be methylated


3.) There are drugs that inhibit enzymes that increase methylation or change in histone influence


4.) Antioxidant influence


Name 2 environmental toxins and why are they toxic? - Ans:✔✔-1. Biphenol A (BPA)


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, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024




2. Phthylates




- these change cell structure and therefore influence future generations


What was the experiment with the Agouti Mice? - Ans:✔✔-- mice with two copies of dominant Agouti

gene: yellow and obese


- when the Agouti gene was methylated:


a.) They became brown


b.) They developed a normal appetite


What is the primary risk factor for having a mentla disorder? - Ans:✔✔-having a close family member

who had the disorder


What is true about Schizophrenia, Bipolar disorder, & Autism - Ans:✔✔-all three of these have a higher

heritability than Parkinsons and Breast Cancer


What are the pharmacogenetics for mental disorders? - Ans:✔✔-- only some psychotropic medications

are helpful for some individuals


- side effects:


a. weight gain

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