APHY 101 Ch 1: An Introduction to the
Human Body Ivy Tech
1. Abdominopelvic cavity - ANS-Has two parts. The superior portion, the abdominal cavity,
contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs. The inferior part, the
pelvic cavity, lies in the bony pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive
organs, and the rectum.
2. Abdominopelvic cavity may be divided into: - ANS-4 planes into 9 abdominopelvic
regions, or by 2 planes into 4 quadrants
3. Afferent pathway - ANS-Approaches the control center (monitors)
4. Anatomical position - ANS-Standard anatomical reference point, the body is erect with
feet slightly apart. It resembles "standing at attention", except the palms face forward
and the thumbs point away from the body.
5. Anatomy - ANS-Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one
another.
6. anterior (ventral) - ANS-toward or at the front end of the body; in front of
7. Appendicular - ANS-Consists of the appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the
axis.
8. Atmospheric pressure - ANS-The force that air exerts on the surface of the body.
9. Axial - ANS-Makes up the main axis of our body. Includes head, neck, and trunk.
10. Body temperature and blood sugar are regulated by what? - ANS-Negative feedback
mechanism
11. cardiovascular system - ANS-Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body
cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs.
12. Cellular Level - ANS-Cells are the smallest units of living things. All cells have some
common functions, but individual cells vary widely in size and shape. Cells are made up
of molecules.
13. Chemical Level - ANS-Simplest level of structural hierarchy. Atoms, tiny building blocks
of matter, combine to form molecules. Molecules combine to form organelles, basic
components of the microscopic cells.
14. Control center - ANS-Second component: receives information (input) from the receptor
along the afferent pathway. Determines the set point, which is the level or range at which
a variable is to be maintained.
15. Coronal plane - ANS-Aka frontal plane
16. Cranial cavity - ANS-Skull, encased the brain.
17. Cytology - ANS-Studies cells of the body.
18. deep (internal) - ANS-away from the body surface; more internal
19. Developmental Anatomy - ANS-Traces structural changes that occur throughout the life
span.
, 20. Digestion - ANS-Breaking down of ingested food stuffs to simple molecules that can be
absorbed into the blood.
21. digestive system - ANS-Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates
unabsorbed matter (feces).
22. Directional terms - ANS-Explains where one body structure is in relation to another.
23. distal - ANS-farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to
the body trunk
24. Dorsal body cavity - ANS-Protects the fragile nervous system organs, has two
subdivisions: cranial cavity and vertebral or spinal cavity.
25. Effector - ANS-Third component: receives information (output) from the control center
along the efferent pathway. Provides the means for the control centers response (output)
to the stimulus.
26. Efferent pathway - ANS-Exits the control center (issues orders to muscles or glands)
27. Embryology - ANS-Subdivision of developmental anatomy, concerns developmental
changes that occur before birth.
28. endocrine system - ANS-Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as
growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
29. excretion - ANS-Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion
30. Ex: urea, carbon dioxide, feces
31. Four basic tissue types - ANS--epithelium (covers body surface and protects organs)
32. -muscle (provides movement)
33. -connective (supports and protects organs)
34. -nervous (provides rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses)
35. Frontal plane - ANS-Like sagittal planes, lie vertically. Divides the body into anterior and
posterior parts.
36. Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy - ANS-Study of large body structures visible to naked
eye (ex: heart, lungs, kidneys).
37. growth - ANS-Increase in size of a body part or of organism
38. Histology - ANS-Studies microscopic tissues of the body.
39. Homeostasis - ANS-Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite
continuous changes in environment. Aka dynamic state of equilibrium or balance.
40. Homeostatic imbalance - ANS-Disturbance in homeostasis. Occurs when the usual
negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback
mechanisms take over.
41. hyperplasia - ANS-increase in number of cells
42. hypertrophy - ANS-increase in cell size
43. inferior (caudal) - ANS-away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or
the body; below
44. integumentary system - ANS-Protects the body as a whole from the external
environment. Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury.
Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat
and oil glands.
45. intermediate - ANS-between a more medial and a more lateral structure
46. lateral - ANS-away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
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