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PNB 2274 Exam 1 Study Guide with Complete Solutions

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PNB 2274 Exam 1 Study Guide with Complete Solutions Anatomy and Physiology - Ans:-study of structure and function The Anatomic Position - Ans:-standing upright, feet parallel and on the floor, head level and looking forward, arms at side of body, palms facing forward Relative Orientation - Ans...

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  • October 24, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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  • PNB 2274
  • PNB 2274
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PNB 2274 Exam 1 Study Guide with
Complete Solutions


Anatomy and Physiology - Ans:✔✔-study of structure and function


The Anatomic Position - Ans:✔✔-standing upright, feet parallel and on the floor, head level and looking

forward, arms at side of body, palms facing forward


Relative Orientation - Ans:✔✔-allows us to describe the relative position of one body structure in

relation to another


Inferior/Superior - Ans:✔✔-low/high


Rostral/Caudal - Ans:✔✔-towards head/towards tail


Anterior/Posterior - Ans:✔✔-front/back


Medial/Lateral - Ans:✔✔-towards middle/away from midline


Proximal/Distal - Ans:✔✔-near/far


3 Anatomic Planes - Ans:✔✔-1. Coronal: divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back)


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, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024




2. Transverse: divides the body into inferior and superior (upper and lower)


3. Midsagittal: divides the body into equal left and right halves


Homeostasis - Ans:✔✔-the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment though

the external environment changes continuously, maintained to ensure survival and proper biological

functioning of the cell constituents


Homeostatic Control Systems - Ans:✔✔-mechanisms that monitor the internal environment and correct

as needed


Local Control - Ans:✔✔-isolated change in a few cells or a tissue, response emerges and acts locally


Reflex Control - Ans:✔✔-long distance signaling, typically involving endocrine or neural responses


Response Loop - Ans:✔✔-Stimulus: change in environment


Sensor: receptor


Input: afferent neuron


Controller: integrating center


Output: hormone/neuron


Target



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Response: change corrected


Integrator - Ans:✔✔-possess a set point within a normal range, looks for error signals and responds to

the error by controlling the target effector


Feedback - Ans:✔✔-some part of the output system is returned to its input in order to regulate its

further output


Negative Feedback Loops - Ans:✔✔--occurs when the system cuts to oppose changes to the input of the

system


-shut off original input


-help maintain homeostasis


-prevent sudden, severe changes within the body


-counteract bodily disruption


-most common


Positive Feedback Loops - Ans:✔✔--occurs when the output of a system acts to increase changes to the

input of the system


-require outside factors to shut down the system


-not homeostatic --> response amplifies stimulus, sends organisms further from setpoint

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