Acids and Base Overview
Neutralisation
pH in Skincare
Saponification
Electrical Energy: Electron Theory
Electrical Current and Electrical Circuits
Electrical Power
Properties of Matter
Measurement Systems
Terms and Defs
Electromagnetic Radiation Overview
Safety
. Uses of Salts .......................................................................................................... 10
pH in Skincare ........................................................................................................ 10
Importance of pH ..................................................................................................................... 10
Effects of pH on the Skin .......................................................................................................... 10
Neutralization Reactions ....................................................................................................... 10
Buffers ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Saponification: Making Soap .................................................................................. 12
Definition .................................................................................................................................. 12
Key Processes.......................................................................................................................... 12
Ester ......................................................................................................................................... 12
Fats .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Base-Driven Hydrolysis of an Ester (Saponification) .......................................................... 13
How Does Soap Work? .............................................................................................. 13
Way 1: As an Emulsifier ............................................................................................................ 13
Way 2: As a Surfactant ............................................................................................................. 14
Making Different Types of Soap .............................................................................. 14
1. Castile Soap ......................................................................................................................... 14
2. Transparent Soap ................................................................................................................. 14
3. Floating Soap ....................................................................................................................... 14
4. Liquid or Soft Soap ............................................................................................................... 14
5. Medicinal Soap ..................................................................................................................... 14
• Proton Presence: Contain H+H+ (proton).
• Proton Donor: Act as proton donors in protolytic reactions.
• Dissolution: Dissolve in water to form H3O+H3O+ and ions (ionization).
• Electrolyte Formation: Form electrolytes when dissolved in water.
• pH Level: pH < 7 (indicating acidity).
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