1060 Fundamentals of Nursing final exam review Questions & Answers

What is Nursing - ANSWERS- The goal of nursing is to restore, maintain, and advance the health of individuals, group, and entire communities. - service motivated, rather than profit motivated what are the roles of nurses? - ANSWERSClinician, caregiver, educator, advocate, scholar, collaborator, coordinator, communicator, leader, professional, change agent, researcher what makes registered nurses professionals? - ANSWERS- Patient advocates - continuously learning throughout career - Supporters of our peers -Respect the profession to the media -Involved in professional association - represent all parts of society -critical thinkers Media Portrayal of nurses - ANSWERS-rely on narrow stereotypes about the profession that can belittle the appeal of nursing -2020 being the year of the nurse, that speaks to how amazing the profession is. Public Beliefs and Nurses - ANSWERSRNs ranked highest among all professionals for honest and ethics public seeks RN advice in what 4 areas? - ANSWERS-Self care or immediate post op care -Over the counter health care products -Admin of prescription drugs -Interpreting MD provided info RNs are self- regulated health care professionals who... - ANSWERS-work autonomously and in collaboration with others to enable individuals, families, groups, communities and populations to achieve their optimal levels of health. RNs contribute to the health care system through their... - ANSWERSleadership across a wide range of settings in practice, education, administration, research, and policy Professional practice government - ANSWERSHas given nurses the power to regulate themselves and ensure their profession is accessible to not only them but to the public Registration and licensure - ANSWERSIn Ontario, all RNs and RPMS are listed in an official register and we're accountable to our Collage of Nursing Ontario Standards. Values - ANSWERSThe primary ones are safe, competent, ethical care, promoting health and wellbeing, promoting informed decision making, preserving dignity, justice and being accountable Entry Level Competencies - ANSWERSby the end of a nursing program, each student will be fulfilling those entry to practice competencies, related to professional accountability, knowledge base practice, ethical practice, and self -regulation based on those 9 roles. what is the minimum degree required to be a nurse - ANSWERSBScN. why is it important to have a BScN - ANSWERSHaving this helps you develop a broad knowledge base and critically think to develop those abilities in reflection, self -evaluation, critical thinking, ethical decision making and maximizing patient safety and interprofessional practice. Metaparadigm of Nursing - ANSWERS-major theoretical contribution made by Jacqueline Fawcett in the 1980s -These concepts are what are common to nursing theories generated to describe knowledge nurses use in their practice. -The metaparadigm of nursing includes person, health, environment, and nursing Strength based nursing - ANSWERS- an approach to care in which there are eight core values guiding nursing action, thereby promoting empowerment, self -efficiency, and hope. SBN is a nice complement to medical care because - ANSWERSit provides a language that communicates nursing contribution to patient and family with respect to health and healing, and really empowers the patient and family to gain greater control over their health and healing instead of focusing on deficits. The Canadian Nurses Association - ANSWERSNursing at a national level in Canada This national organization has also established the Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses (2017) which is used in every province and territory. The CNA document - ANSWERS-"framework for practice of Registered Nurses in Canada" is prepared to promote a common understanding of what RN practice among nurses, students, other health professional, employers, educators, policy makers and the public. - It is important that there is clear understanding of what are RN competencies and contributions are, to know when RN care is more appropriate, it creates a health care system that uses its resources to respond to the needs of priorities of the people of Canada College of Nurses of Ontario - ANSWERS- CNO is a regulatory body, which has legislated authority to regulate nursing practice in Ontario. Their responsibility is to the public to ensure that practice is safe, competent and ethical; the mandate for CNO is to protect the public. College of Nurses of Ontario- 9 roles - ANSWERSClinician, professional, communicator, collaborator, coordinator, leader, advocate, educator, and scholar. CNO Code of Conduct - ANSWERS- Explains the behaviour the public can expect of nurses when receiving health care. - All nurses are accountable to this code. - Each principle is supported by a set of statements. These principles and statements define the values nurses use to fulfill their professional obligations. principals of CNO Code of Conduct - ANSWERS1. Nurses respect the dignity of patients and treat them as individuals 2. Nurses work together to promote patient well being 3. Nurses maintain public trust by providing safe and competent care. 4. Nurses work respectfully with colleagues to best meet patient needs 5. Nurses act with integrity to maintain patients trust 6. Nurses maintain public confidence in the nursing profession. Registered Nurses Association of Ontario - ANSWERS- RNAO is the professional association representing registered nurses, nurse practitioners and BScN nursing students in Ontario. what does the RNAO advocate for? - ANSWERS- healthy public policy, promoted excellence in nursing practice, increased nurses contribution to shape the health care system, and influence decisions that affect nurses and the public they serve. - During the COVID 19 crisis, they advocate for increased staffing and support in long term care. Ontario Nurses Association - ANSWERS-Founded in 1973 -The union of that's representing over 62000 registered nurses -Their mission is to be committed to improving economic welfare and quality of work life for members, so they're quite a proactive union that enables many different policies and recommendations to provide a high quality health care. International Council of Nurses - ANSWERSworks to ensure quality nursing care for all, sound health policies globally, and the advancement of nursing knowledge, and the presence worldwide of a respected nursing profession, just to ensure they're providing direction and support for confident and satisfied nursing workforces. Personal Health Information Protection Act (PHIPA) - ANSWERS- Nurses have ethical and legal responsibilities to maintain confidentiality and privacy of client health information, as we are health information custodians - The circle of care is referenced to all the individuals responsible for providing care to the patient. So if you are outside the circle of car, then that requires expressed consent from the patient to disclose their information. In some cases consent may be required because it is permitted by law Bill 119, Health Information Protection Act 2016 - ANSWERSBill 119 was introduced to better protect privacy to ensure that individuals who engage in privacy breaches are held accountable. Possible consequences to nursing students of privacy breaches - ANSWERS- Removal from the practice setting - Investigation by agency legal department - Investigation by the university/ collage privacy commissioner - Investigation by campus/local police - Failure of professional practice course - Involuntary with drawl from program 5 ps for Social media and professionalism - ANSWERS- Professional - Positive - Patient free - Protect your professionalism - Pause before positing What is "ways of knowing" - ANSWERS*knowing is a form of knowledge gained through experience and shaped by the unique perspective of the individual* - why do nurses need to be aware of the ways of knowing - ANSWERS- Nurses need to be aware of practice, of the art and science of nursing, and how it contributes to further articulation and development of nursing practice, since there's heavy reliance on biomedical model - In this biomedical model relies on the empiric theory which is based on experience and observation, which is inadequate as need to consider how socio-political factors influence the health of the persons and community such as poverty, underemployment, malnutrition, isolation... etc what did Belenky, Clinchy, Goldberg, and Tarule study? - ANSWERSin 1986 they studied ways of knowing among women from 135 rural and urban settings from various ages, ethnicities, educational backgrounds, and sexual orientation 5 perspectives of addressing the voice in mind when it comes to ways of knowing - ANSWERSsilence, received knowledge, subjective knowing, procedural knowing, constructed knowledge *this is not Hierarchy, it is not linear, it represents a connection between formal cognitive development and more anecdotal issues of teaching and learning through the study* silence - ANSWERSthe extreme denial of self and intense dependence on external authority or direction as review yourself, but incapable of knowing anything being punished Received knowledge - ANSWERSfeeling confused, when you're required to organize work , you look to others and you learn by listening. You think authorities such as a source of truth because of their status Subjective knowing - ANSWERSsense of boy prizes when you become your own authority but you rely on intuition and inward listening and watching Procedural knowing - ANSWERScan be either connected knowledge where you're trying to understand from a perspective of others; so you're asking do I understand what you're trying to say, so its more like those clinical interviews, or separate knowing where you seek the knowledge and you evaluate, and you're asking is it right or wrong. Constructed knowledge - ANSWERSthe process of knowing, knowing different perspectives, knowing they're interconnected and recognize their interconnected learners are reflective, and they participate in real talk, which consists of listening and talking, posing questions and sharing. William Perry - ANSWERS- Well known educational psychologist who studied the cognitive development of students during their collage years at Harvard - William Perrys Scheme of Intellectual and Ethical Development - ANSWERS- Developed a model for understanding for collage students come to understand knowledge and the ways in which knowing is part of the cognitive process of thinking and reasoning - He came up with four basic stages and evolution. Critical thinking being the ability to weigh evidence and construct rational basis for beliefs, to evaluate appropriateness and effectiveness which speaks to students assumptions concerning the nature and acquisition of knowledge 4 different areas which relate and connect with the ways of knowing - ANSWERSdualism multiplicity relativism commitment dualism - ANSWERSsimilar to received knowledge, which is those individuals who are black and white thinkers- things are either right or wrong, teacher has the authority, learning means memorizing and a common question is 'will this be in the test?'. What's frustrating for students is that memorization may have worked really well in high school , but why isnt it working now? questions without clear cut answers are quite tricky and they may feel its unfair and not useful. multiplicity - ANSWERSsimilar to subjective knowledge. Where everything in the grey, all opinions and statements are equally okay but the frustration for the student is how can a teacher evaluate work if it's a matter of opinion, whether good or bad. Relativism - ANSWERSsimilar to procedural knowledge- so everything has contexts somethings that are supported by evidence and reasons, and the teacher is a guide who shows direction. Learning means realizing that we know facts and data are essential, but needs vary in perspectives. Commitment - ANSWERSsimilar to construction knowledge, or knowledge isolated; affects the personal actions and what matters are facts and perspectives. Students take responsibility of choices of learning. Teaching is a source among many other sources, they are not in the primary source of authority. Carpers Patterns of Knowing - ANSWERSFive areas that apply to knowing your patient. what are the 5 Carpers Patterns of Knowing - ANSWERSEmpirics Ethics Personal knowing Aesthetics Emancipatory knowing Empirics - ANSWERS- Science of nursing - What is it? How does it work? - Empirical, factual, descriptive are ultimately aimed at developing abstract and theoretical explanations - Based on facts, theories, models - Asking about evidence Ethics - ANSWERS- The moral dimension of nursing - Is this right? Is this responsible? -Moral code of conduct that guides nursing -Clarifying values whether conflicting or not - How do your actions match your beliefs/values? Personal Knowing - ANSWERS- Therapeutic use of self -understanding your personal biases, strengths, challenges - Asking yourself if you are developing authentic relationships with a client. Being aware of the context in the interaction - How was I influenced by my internal belief/values and building those therapeutic relationships with my clients/patients Aesthetics - ANSWERS- The art of nursing involves the active transportation of the Patients behaviours into a perception of what is significant in it that is, what need is being expressed by the behaviour - It's the actual delivery of nursing science, through actions, attitudes and interaction. So understanding what is the underlying meaning expressed by the patient, and then you see it reflected in the nurses action Emancipatory Knowing - ANSWERS- The praxis of nursing, so that's answering 'why is this happening, is this equitable, what needs to be changed?' - This is where you need to be aware of and critically reflect upon social, cultural, and political status quo, and figure out how and why it became this way - Praxis involves continuously noticing what is happening in practice, asking those critical questions about practice, creating change to shift practice and desired direction and noticing what happens as a result Patterns Gone Wild - ANSWERSIf theres a failure to develop knowledge of integrate with an all patterns of knowing, that leads to a narrow interpretation and partial use of knowledge. If its using isolation, theres a potential for synthesis of the whole patient being lost so therefore theres an inability to consider all patterns of knowing, which results in the patterns gone wild. Morley and jackson - ANSWERSemancipatory knowing emphasizes the professional nature of nursing and engages with politics. It speaks about the complexity of practice and speaks about politics and contradiction with professional values, which includes fair access to healthcare and treatment (which is highlighted during this covid era) bickfords article - ANSWERSspeaks to post colonial past with the goal of achieving social justice especially in relation to everyday experiences of marginalization. It challenges the western sources of knowledge which long have been considered superior to discover health inequities linked to colonization Why History Matters to Nursing - ANSWERS-Explains past (meaning of nursing and different experiences of nursing -Explains development of our professions identity - Critical to advancing the profession in the interests of the Canadian Public Indigenous healers had caregiving roles in communities. 2 types of encounters between indigenous people and new comers - ANSWERS-Provision of medical knowledge (provision of medical plant knowledge, practical medical aid, and general nursing care ) -Shared experience of childbirth (assistance in childbirth) Nursing Catholic Sisters - ANSWERSBuilt network of nurse run hospitals in 1637 Leaders at time when there were no other employment options Marie Hebert - ANSWERSfirst laywomen to provide nursing care; she confronted the popular notion that indigenous people needed to be saved by Europeans, she extended care to indigenous people as well. Jeanne Mance - ANSWERS1641, founded first hospital in Ville Marie/later Montreal Grey Nuns - ANSWERSwas formed in 1737 by a young widow by the name of madame D'Youville, formed a charitable association in Montreal to care for the poor. She formed a small group of women, known as the grey nuns because they wore the grey habits. Ten years later they took over the management of the Montreal General Hospital and eventually spread their way to providing nursing to the marginalized population across Canada and the US. Era of Apprenticeship - ANSWERS- 1800s - Patient care was in hospitals. However hospitals were generally devoted to the treatment of the poor who suffered in particular from infectious diseases, such as influenza, pneumonia, and TB. Because of the relationship between public sanitation and personal hygiene and diseases was largely unknown, and because of the lack of therapeutic medications, infectious diseases spread uncontrollably. - what was the criteria to be admitted to the hospital during the era of apprenticeship (1800) - ANSWERSThe criteria to be admitted to the hospital was consent to autopsy- the thought was that once you were admitted the chances of being discharged were very slim. Nursing in the Late 1800s (Era of Apprenticeship) - ANSWERS- Considered handmaiden to physician. at that time, nurses went to the hospital to learn and were considered handmaids to the physicians Nightingale - ANSWERS(1860) established the first financially independent school of nursing attached to St. Thomas's hospital in London. This was the first secular nursing school in the world, which was not bound by religious rule. They required students to provide service in return for education and minimal living expense. what did Hospital training schools ensure? - ANSWERS-Hospital training schools ensured higher standard of care - when was the first hospital training school established? - ANSWERSCanada established their first hospital training program at St. Catherines General and Marine Hospital in 1874. Nursing Post World War 1 () - ANSWERS-There was in increase need of nurses, but not many were interested - At this time hospital training programs were still popular, so it was a really big deal when the first BScN program was established at UBC. -by 1922 all provinces introduced the registration of Nursing, it seems there was a way to track those who went through their formal education and became licensed nurses