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PHA 458 Final Exam 1 Questions & Answers 2024/2025 $10.49
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PHA 458 Final Exam 1 Questions & Answers 2024/2025
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PHA 458 Final Exam 1 Questions & Answers 2024/2025 Evidence based approach to answering clinical questions steps - ANSWERS4 A's Ask (the question) Acquire (the evidence) Appraise (the evidence) Apply (the evidence to the patient case or question) PICO - ANSWERSPatient or problem Inter...

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  • October 24, 2024
  • 27
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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PHA 458 Final Exam 1 Questions &
Answers 2024/2025

Evidence based approach to answering clinical questions steps - ANSWERS4 A's

Ask (the question)

Acquire (the evidence)

Appraise (the evidence)

Apply (the evidence to the patient case or question)



PICO - ANSWERSPatient or problem

Intervention

Comparison

Outcome



What to do "Ask" or define the question - ANSWERSPICO



What to do to "Acquire" the evidence - ANSWERSDetermine the type of information or evidence needed

Package inset

Practice guidelines

Clinical research

Conduct a systematic search for this information



What to do the "Appraise" the evidence - ANSWERSIs it relevant?

Is it valid?

Are the results statistically significant?

Are the results clinically significant?

,What to do the "Apply" the evidence - ANSWERSClinical judgement/reasoning calls for you to determine
how the evidence can be best applied to your patient



Drug Interaction Facts - ANSWERSIncludes documentation level and onset

Includes interactions with food/alcohol

Includes precautions for special populations

Includes diseases/conditions and allergies



Levels of severity assigned to drug interactions in Drug Interaction Facts - ANSWERSMajor- interaction is
life threatening or may cause permanent damage

Moderate- the interaction may cause the patient's clinical status to deteriorate and additional treatment,
hospitalization, or an extended hospital stay may be necessary

Minor- the interaction usually have mild effects that may be bothersome or unnoticeable but should not
affect the therapeutic outcome and more treatment is usually not necessary



Lexi-Interact - ANSWERSAllergies



Clinical pharmacology interactions - ANSWERSAlcohol, caffeine, enteral feedings, food, grapefruit juice,
tobacco

Can run professional or consumer report



Clinical pharmacology interactions ratings - ANSWERSSevere- avoid using these drugs together (CI)

Major- using the medications together may be CI in certain patients, the patient should be monitored
and further therapy and/or a change in therapy may be necessary

Moderate- using the medications together may have unintended clinical effects, the patient should be
monitored or changes in therapy may be necessary

Minor- using the medications together does not usually result in clinically significant interactions and
monitoring or changes in therapy are not usually required



Lexi-interact ratings - ANSWERSA- no known interaction

B- no action needed

C- monitor therapy

, D- consider therapy modification

X- avoid combination

Includes severity and reliability rating



Name a resource that focuses specifically on side effects of drugs - ANSWERSMeyler's Side Effects of
Drugs



Resources that report adverse reactions - ANSWERSFacts and comparisons- drug search by adverse
reaction

Lexi-comp- drug search by adverse reaction

Clinical pharmacology- adverse reaction report, find/list by adverse reaction report, drug allergy and
idiosyncratic reactions database



Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs - ANSWERSIndividual drug monographs in alphabetical order

Important monograph features:

Organs and systems

Long-term effects

Second-generation effects

Susceptibility factors

Drug administration

Drug interactions

Interference with diagnostic tests

Diagnosis of adverse drug reactions

Management of adverse drug reactions

Monitoring thearpy



Side Effects of Drugs Annual - ANSWERSPublished as a compliment to Meyler's

Chapters arranged as drug classes

Reviews publications over the past year

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