PHA 321 MPS 621 Exam 1 Questions & Answers 2022/2023
Definition of Professionalism - ANSWERSThe active demonstration of the traits of a
professional
OR
Described as the advocacy of a set of
attitudes and behaviors believed to be
appropriate to a particular occupation
Tenets of Pro...
Definition of Professionalism - ANSWERSThe active demonstration of the traits of a
professional
OR
Described as the advocacy of a set of
attitudes and behaviors believed to be
appropriate to a particular occupation
Tenets of Professionalism - ANSWERSAltruism
Honesty and Integrity
Respect for Others
Professional Presence
Professional Stewardship
Dedication and Commitment to Excellence
Duty
Accountability
The Flexner report 1910 - ANSWERSAbraham Flexner was hired by the American Medical Association in
the early 1900's to study the medical school curriculums across the United States. In his report Flexner
stated that pharmacy was not a profession. This did not cause a great deal of trouble until the war
department refused to commission pharmacists in the army. This got pharmacists active!! Pharmacists'
activity led to upgrading the professional education. This was the beginning of a period of elevation in
the profession of pharmacy.
Recommendations by Abraham Flexner
,- National accreditation of medical schools
- Graduation of fewer students—class sizes were restricted
- Closing of weaker schools
Response by the AACP to the Flexner report - ANSWERS1928—AACP* adopted 4 year B.S. in
Pharmacy as minimum (went into effect in 1932)
The Hill-Burton Act of 1946 - ANSWERSProvided grants to build and renovate hospitals. Expansion of
pharmaceutical products in the need to regulate this increased market
Humphrey-Durham amendment (1951) - ANSWERSamendment to 1938 law that distinguish OTC vs
Prescription and left the FDA to determine what was what. Establishment of New Drug Application NDA
process to get approved Created the "prescription only" class of drugs.
Pharmacists could no longer "counter prescribe" (i.e.,
could not dispense without Rx). Could only function under a physician.
The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 - ANSWERSResponse to the Elixir of Sulfanilamide Disaster.
drugs must be safe - gave power to "FDA" to police manufacture and regulate product entry onto the
market.
New drugs could be marketed only with approval of
the FDA
• Manufacturer was required to determine SAFETY
• The drug was NOT required to be efficacious, just
safe
Define Pharmaceutical care - ANSWERSis the responsible provision of drug therapy for the
purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life . These outcomes are:
(i) cure of a disease
, (ii) elimination or reduction of a patient's symptomatology
(iii) arresting or slowing of a disease process
(iv) preventing a disease or symptomatology
To accomplish this the Pharmacist cooperates with a patient and other professionals in designing,
implementing, and monitoring a therapeutic plan that will produce specific
therapeutic outcomes for the patient. This in turn involves three major
functions:
(i) identifying potential and actual drug-related problems
(ii) resolving actual drug-related problems; and
(iii) preventing drug-related problems.
Barriers to Pharmaceutical Care - ANSWERS1. Drug product focus—dispensing drugs
has historically been the paradigm
2. Service to the patient (DUR, dosing calculations) occurs distant from the patient and (potentially)
without regard for outcomes
3. Turf battles - Other professions (e.g., nurses &
physicians) may view pharmaceutical care
as their role
4. Lack of financial incentives—most
reimbursement incentives still
focused on dispensing and NOT care
provided
5. Pharmacies may lack facilities for
consulting, monitoring physiologic
parameters
6. Greatest barrier is ourselves. Comfort
with the status quo. LAZINESS
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