NURS 8022 COMPLETE MODULES 1- 3 LATEST
2024 – 2025 ALL POSSIBLE EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT DETAILED (VERIFIED)
ANSWERS/ RATED A+
What maintains the osmolarity and acid-base balance of the blood - Correct Answer -
Electrolytes and proteins
Functions of blood - Correct Answer - provide nutrients to cells, provide oxygen for
cellular metabolism, removes by-products, carries the cells that protect the body against
infection and invading organisms
3 groups of plasma proteins - Correct Answer - albumin, clotting factors (mostly
fibrinogen), lipoproteins (triglycerides, cholesterol, fatty acids)
bone marrow - Correct Answer - primary site of residence of hematopoietic stem cells,
also called myeloid tissue
2 types of bone marrow - Correct Answer - red marrow (produce RBCs) and yellow
marrow (do not produce RBCs)
Difference between red and yellow bone marrow - Correct Answer - Red marrow
produces RBCs, yellow marrow does not produce RBCs
Active bone marrow sites - Correct Answer - pelvic bones
vertebrae
cranium
mandible
pg. 1
,sternum
ribs
humerus
femur
Factors that increase hematopoiesis - Correct Answer - (1) conversion of yellow bone
marrow, which does not produce blood cells, to hematopoietic red marrow by the
actions of erythropoietin (a hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production)
(2) faster differentiation of progenitor cells
(3) faster proliferation of stem cells into progenitor cells
Stem cell pool - Correct Answer - The product of self-renewal that maintains the number
of pluripotent stem cells and partially committed progenitor cells
Bone marrow pool - Correct Answer - -contains cells that are proliferating and maturing
in preparation for release into the circulation
-mature cells are stored for later release into the peripheral blood
3 factors that increase Hematopoiesis - Correct Answer - (1) conversion of yellow bone
marrow, which does not produce blood cells, to hematopoietic red marrow by the
actions of erythropoietin (a hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production); (2) faster
differentiation of progenitor cells; and (3) faster proliferation of stem cells into progenitor
cells
Erythropoiesis - Correct Answer - production of RBCs
Sequence of erythropoiesis - Correct Answer - Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell -->
committed Proerythroblast/PR normoblast --> Erythroblast/Normoblast (Hgb synthesis
begins) --> Reticulocyte (nucleus is lost; 3 days spent in bone marrow, about 1 day in
blood) --> Erythrocyte
** approx. 1% of RBCs are reticulocytes **
pg. 2
,In each step the quantity of hemoglobin increases and the nucleus decreases in size
Erythropoietin - Correct Answer - A hormone produced and released by the kidney that
stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow
Always present in plasma
Released in response to low renal oxygenation
- NOT the # of RBCs but rather oxygen delivery
- e RBC production increases within 24 hours; life span 4-12 hours; increased RBC # in
5 days
- Given to dialysis and chemo patients
Reticulocytes - Correct Answer - ▪ Last immature form of erythroblast
▪ Contains polyribosomes (globin synthesis) and mitochondria (heme synthesis)
▪ 24-48 hours after leaving bone marrow for circulation, matures into erythrocyte
- Loses polyribosomes and mitochondria
-Make up 1-2% of RBCs
- Last about 2 days in bone marrow and 1 day in blood continuing to mature
- During time of low HCT time in marrow decreased to as little as 1 day
▪ Reticulocyte count -- Indicates whether new RBCs are being produced; good indicator
of erythropoiesis
Hemoglobin and its structure - Correct Answer - Oxygen-carrying protein of the
erythrocyte --> may carry up to 300 hub molecules
pg. 3
, Reversible deformity to be able to squeeze through the tiniest of capillaries
Each Hgb molecule has 2 pairs of different globin chains and 4 complexes of iron +
heme
▪ Heme: large, flat, iron-protoporphyrin disk that is synthesized in the mitochondria and
can carry one molecule of oxygen
▪ Each Hgb can carry 4 molecules of oxygen
Heme vs Globin - Correct Answer - Heme: Synthesized in mitochondria of reticulocyte
- Carries Oxygen
Globin: Polyribosomes in reticulocytes
- 2 pairs of globin chains on each Hgb molecule
- Combo of pair determines type of globin chain
▪ Most common hub A: 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains - hub F (fetal): 2 alpha, 2
gamma
Red blood cell structure - Correct Answer - Sac of Hgb, no nucleus or mitochondria,
only hemoglobin & enzymes surrounded by membrane
-Lack mitochondria, rely on glycolysis for energy --> "aerobic metabolism"
▪ Deficiencies of 2 enzymes result in anemia
• Pyruvate kinase - necessary for glycolysis - no glycolysis results in RBC damage and
death
• G6PD - involved in protecting the RBC against oxidative stress
Anisocytosis
Poikilocytosis - Correct Answer - Variation in RBC size
Variation in RBC shape
pg. 4
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller ASSIGNMENT7. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $24.09. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
