Compact bone (cortical bone) - Answer Makes up approx. 85% of the skeleton; present in every bone;
highly organized, solid, and extremely strong--basic structural unit is Haversian system.
Spongy bone (cancellous bone) - Answer Makes up approx. 15% of the skeleton; present in every bone;
-less complex and lacks haversian systems
-the lamellae are not arranged in concentric layers but in plates or bar termed trabeculae that branch
and unite with one another to form an irregular meshwork
-spaces b/w the trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow.
Periosteum - Answer All bones are covered with a double-layered connective tissue.
Sharpey Fibers - Answer Collagenous fibers that penetrate the bone and help hold or attach tendons
and ligaments to the periosteum.
Diaphysis - Answer Narrow tubular midportion of a long bone.
Metaphysis - Answer Broader neck of a long bone.
Epiphysis - Answer The broad end of a long bone.
, Endosteum - Answer Lines the outer surfaces of both types of marrow cavity.
Flat bones - Answer (Ribs or scapulae) 2 plates of compact bone which are roughly parallel to each
other; b/w the compact bone plates is a layer of spongy bone.
Short bones - Answer (Cuboidal bones) (wrist or ankle) often cuboidal in shape; consist of spongy bone
covered by a thin layer of compact bone.
Irregular bones - Answer (Vertebrae, mandibles, other facial bones) have various shapes that include
thin and thick segments; thin part of an irregular bone consists of 2 plates of compact bone with spongy
bone b/w the plates; thick part consists of spongy bone surrounded by later of compact bone.
Physeal closure - Answer When the skeleton is mature, the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone. It
unites the metaphysis and epiphysis. It occurs earlier in girls than boys.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy - Answer a type of disorder that causes degeneration of skeletal muscle
fibers. The most common of the muscular dystrophies; Described by Duchenne as a pseudohypertrophic
muscular paralysis associated with large amounts of fat and connective tissue. Classic Duchenne MD
occurs in boys only and has a history of x-linked inheritance in half of the cases.
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) - Answer (Brittle bone disease) a genetic disorder of connective tissues
that affects primarily bone, usually autosomal dominant but can be autosomal recessive. Major errors in
lie in the synthesis of collagen. The gene responsible for the encoding of collagen easily mutates.
Osteoarthritis - Answer A common age-related disorder of synovial joints; classified as non-
inflammatory joint disease, characterized by local areas of loss and damage of articular cartilage, new
bone formation of joint margins (osteophytosis), subchondral bone changes, variable degrees of mild
synovitis and thickening of the joint capsule
Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer A systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease associated with swelling
and pain in multiple joints. First joint tissue to be affected is the synovial membrane, which lines the joint
cavity.
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