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mastering biology chapters 1-7 test Questions and Answers 2024
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mastering biology chapters 1-7 testA _____ cell contains membrane-enclosed organelles - answer eukaryotic
____ are due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as com- plexity increases. -
answer emergent properties
____ lacks a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles. - answer prokaryotic
____ contain genetic material in the form of DNA (deoxy- ribonucleic acid) - answer
chromosomes
____ molecule is made up of two long chains, called strands, arranged in a double
helix. – answer DNA
The entire process, by which the information in a gene directs the manufacture of a
cellular product, is called _____ - answer gene expression.
some types of RNA are actually components of the cellular machinery that
manufactures ____ - answer proteins
The entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organ- ism inherits is called its ____ -
answer genome
researchers study whole sets of genes (or other DNA) in one or more species—an
approach called ____ - answer genomics
___ refers to the study of sets of proteins and their properties. - answer proteomics
_____, the use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume
of data that results from high-throughput methods. - answer bioinformatics
The chemical energy in the food molecules is then passed along by plants and other
photosynthetic organisms (producers) to consumers. - answer Consumers are or-
genism’s, such as animals, that feed on producers and other consumers.
energy flows one way ____ an ecosystem, usually enter- ing as light and exiting as
heat. - answer through
When an organism uses chemical energy to perform work, such as muscle contraction
or cell division, some of that energy is lost to the surroundings as____. - answer heat
,In ___ the output, or product, of a pro- cess regulates that very process. - answer
feedback regulation,
Bacteria and Archaea—are prokaryotic or eukaryotic - answer prokaryotic
All the eukaryotes (organisms with eukaryotic cells) are now grouped in domain ___ -
answerEukarya
3 domains of life – answer Eukarya, bacteria, and archaea
charles darwin theory of natural selection - answerThe first point was that contemporary
species arose from a succession of ancestors that differed from them. Darwin called this
process "descent with modification."
Darwin called this mechanism of evolutionary adapta- tion_____ because the natural
environment "selects" for the propagation of certain traits among natu- rally occurring
variant traits in the population. - answernatural selection
_____, a search for informa- tion and explanations of natural phenomena -
answerinquiry
___ is a way of knowing—an approach to understand- ing the natural world -
answerScience
Collecting and analyzing observations can lead to important conclusions based on a
type of logic called ___ - answerinductive reasoning.
___ involves logic that flows in the opposite direction, from the general to the specific. -
answerdeductive reasoning
An _ is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemi- cal
reactions. - answerelement
A __ is a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed
ratio. - answercompound
4 elements that make us up - answeroxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and
nitrogen (N)—make up 96% of living matter
other 4% that makes us up - answerCalcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur
(S), and a few other elements account for most of the remaining 4%
Thus, for atoms and subatomic particles (and for molecules, too), we use a unit of
measure- ment called the __ - answerdalton
Atomic number = number of protons
, = number of electrons in a neutral atom
= 11 for sodium - answerMass number = number of protons + neutrons= 23 for sodium
And since neutrons and protons each have a mass very close to 1 dalton, the mass
number is an approximation of the total mass of an atom, called its a_. - answeratomic
mass
isotopes - answersame # of protons but different neutrons
charles darwin theory of natural selection - answer
_are often used as diagnostic tools in medicine. - answerRadioactive isotopes
A "parent" isotope decays into its "daughter" isotope at a fixed rate, expressed as the
___ of the isotope—the time it takes for 50% of the parent isotope to decay. -
answerhalf-life
Using a process called _____ scientists measure the ratio of different isotopes and
calculate how many half-lives (in years) have passed since an organism was fossilized
or a rock was formed. - answerradiometric dating
__ is the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure. -
answerPotential energy
__ is defined as the capacity to cause change—for instance, by doing work. -
answerEnergy
These interactions usually result in atoms staying close together, held by attractions
called__ - answerchemical bonds.
__ is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms. - answerA covalent bond
Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds constitute a __, in this case a hy-
drogen molecule. - answermolecule
In a covalent bond between two atoms of the same element, the electrons are shared
equally because the two atoms have the same electronegativity—the tug-of-war is at a
standoff. Such a bond is called a___ - answernonpolar covalent bond.
However, when an atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electrons of the
bond are not shared equally. This type of bond is called a ___ - answerpolar covalent
bond.
The attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond is called its __ -
answerelectronegativity, oxygen is the most electroneg
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