positive feedback loop - ️️- NOT homeostatic
- reinforce a stimulus to drive the system further away from normal value
- requires intervention or event outside the loop to cease the response
negative feedback loop - ️️- a pathway in which the response opposes or removes
the stimulus sig...
BMSC 207 Midterm (Mod 1-6)
positive feedback loop - ✔️✔️- NOT homeostatic
- reinforce a stimulus to drive the system further away from normal value
- requires intervention or event outside the loop to cease the response
negative feedback loop - ✔️✔️- a pathway in which the response opposes or removes
the stimulus signal
- stabilizes a system (homeostatic)
- can restore the initial state but cannot prevent the initial disturbance
emergent properties - ✔️✔️properties of a complex system that cannot be explained by
a knowledge of a system's individual components
cells - ✔️✔️smallest unit of structure capable of carrying out life processes
tissue - ✔️✔️collection of cells carrying out related functions
organ - ✔️✔️formation of tissues into a structural and functional unit
organ system - ✔️✔️integrated groups of organs
the body is integrative, which means: - ✔️✔️involves multiple organ systems at once
teleological approach - ✔️✔️function or "why"
mechanistic approach - ✔️✔️mechanism or "how"
homeostasis - ✔️✔️the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in
spite of exposure to external variability
extracellular fluid - ✔️✔️surrounds cells, acts as a buffer between cells and the
external environment
dynamic steady state - ✔️✔️materials constantly moving back and forth
law of mass balance - ✔️✔️if the amount of a substance in the body is to remain
constant, any gain must be offset by an equal loss
physiology - ✔️✔️the study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its
component parts, including all its chemical and physical processes
the body compartments are not in equilibrium, but rather: - ✔️✔️stable disequilibrium
,local control system - ✔️✔️restricted to one area
reflex control system - ✔️✔️widespread and uses long-distance signalling; broken
down into response loop and feedback loop
order of control system actions - ✔️✔️input signal, integrating centre, output signal,
response
feedback loop - ✔️✔️modulates the response loop, feeds back to ultimately influence
the input
feedforward control - ✔️✔️- anticipatory
- occurs before physiological change
T/F: setpoints vary from person to person and may vary within an individual over time -
✔️✔️T
biorhythms - ✔️✔️variables that change predictably and create repeating patterns or
cycles of changes
circadian rhythm - ✔️✔️the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-
hour cycle
functions of a cell membrane - ✔️✔️physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the
environment, communication between cell and environment, structural support
what is the cell membrane made of? - ✔️✔️proteins, lipids, small amount of
carbohydrates
the more metabolically active the membrane is, the more ______________ it contains -
✔️✔️protein
3 types of lipids found in the cell membrane - ✔️✔️phospholipid, sphingolipid,
cholesterol
phospholipids have a ______________, hydrophilic ____________ and a
_____________, hydrophobic _______________ - ✔️✔️polar, head, nonpolar, tail
, micelle - ✔️✔️droplet of phospholipid important in digestion
liposome - ✔️✔️phospholipid with an aqueous centre
purpose of cholesterol in the cell membrane - ✔️✔️increases viscosity and decreases
permeability
what would a cell membrane with a high cholesterol content be like? - ✔️✔️highly
flexible, strong
integral proteins include: - ✔️✔️transmembrane proteins and lipid-anchored proteins
roles of integral proteins - ✔️✔️membrane receptors, cell adhesion molecules,
transmembrane movement, enzymes, mediators of intracellular signalling
peripheral proteins - ✔️✔️attach to integral proteins, loosely attached to phospholipid
head
roles of peripheral proteins - ✔️✔️intracellular signalling, for submembraneous
cytoskeleton
glycoprotein - ✔️✔️protein with carbohydrate attached; forms protective coat, involved
in cell-to-cell recognition
glycolipid - ✔️✔️lipid with carbohydrate attached; cell-to-cell recognition/interaction
what substance is the body primarily made of? - ✔️✔️water
what factors can alter total water content in the body? - ✔️✔️age, sex, body fat
composition
osmotic equilibrium - ✔️✔️fluid concentrations are equal (amount of solute per volume
solution)
osmosis - ✔️✔️the movement of water across a membrane in response to a solute
concentration gradient; moves from region of low to high solute concentration
osmolarity - ✔️✔️describes the number of particles in solution
isosmotic (equal) - ✔️✔️solutions have identical osmolarities
hyperosmotic (greater than) - ✔️✔️describes the solution with the higher osmolarity
hyposmotic (less than) - ✔️✔️describes the solution with the lower osmolarity
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