Exam (elaborations)
NSB236 WEEK 1 TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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NSB236 WEEK 1 TEST QUESTIONS ANDANSWERS
What is the Cell Cycle?
Mitotic phase
G1 phase
Interphase
G2 phase
What is a normal cell?
- Reproduce in an organised and orderly manner
- Do not divide when space or nutrients are inadequate
- Do not spread into other parts of the body where they do not belong
- Become fully differentiated to perform a specific task
- Eventually die
What is a cancer cell?
- Ability to grow uncontrollably
- Invade other tissues- lack contact inhibition
- Remain in an undifferentiated state
- Ability to initiate new growth that distant sites
- Ability to escape detection and destruction by the immune system
- Immortal
What is a carcinogen?
-A substance that causes cancer or increases the risk of developing
cancer.’
- Agents capable of initiating the development of malignant tumors by
inducing genetic changes.
What are carcinogenic factors?
- Hereditary
- Hormonal
- Environmental
- Chemical
- Smoking
- Alcohol
- Geography
- Radiation
- Age
- Immune deficiencies
, - Oncogenic viruses
- Bacteria or parasites
What are preventions and early diagnosis?
Primary prevention: aimed at ensuring cancer never develops
Secondary Prevention: aimed at detecting and treating cancer early
Tertiary Prevention: aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or
injury that has lasting effects.
What are types of cancer?
- Carcinoma = tumours of skin and mucous membrane
- Sarcoma = tumours of connective tissue, bone
What are classification system for cancer?
- Primary tumour (T)
- Regional Lymph Nodes (N)
- Distant Metastases
What is cancer invasion metastases?
- Metastasis is the spread of cancer from initial or primary site to a
distant site
- It is a multistage process, e.g.
• Tumour angiogenesis
• Mechanical invasions
• Detaching and invading surrounding tissue and walls
What is haematopoiesis?
- Blood cell production. This occurs within the bone marrow. Red blood
cells, white blood cells and platelets all develop from a common
haematopoietic stem cell
Main malignant haematological conditions?
- Myeloma
• Cancer of the plasma cells
- Lymphoma
• Hodgkin lymphoma (6 types)
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (at least 14 different types, but 65 subtypes)
- Leukemia
• Acute
• Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) (29 variations)
• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) (14 variations)
• Chronic
• Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
• Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia (CLL)
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