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BIOS 252 Final Exam Review questions and answers rated A+ 2024/2025
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BIOS 252 Final Exam Review1. A selective destruction of substantia nigra pars compacta in midbrain leading to a lack of
production of Dopamine leads to what disease process? What is seen in this disease? -
ANS-Parkinson's Disease, resting tremor, resistance in movement
2. Continuous conduction happens in which type of neuron? Is this fast or slow
conduction? - ANS-Unmyelinated neurons, slow
3. Describe the sliding contraction theory - ANS-Acetylcholine NT is released from synaptic
end bulbs of neuron, crossing over synaptic cleft, binds to ligand gated receptor present
on muscle tissue sarcolemma, generating a muscle end action potential traveling down
the T-Tubule. This activates the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium. From there,
Ca binds to Troponin, moving Tropomyosin, allowing Myosin to bind to Actin with the
help of ATP.
4. How do endocrine glands function? - ANS-Excrete their substance directly into
bloodstream or free surface
5. How do exocrine glands function? - ANS-Excrete their substances through ducts
6. How many hemispheres of the brain are there and how are they connected? - ANS-Two;
connected by commisural tracts of corpus callosum
7. In a first class lever system, what is in the middle? - ANS-Fulcrum
8. In a second class lever system, what is in the middle? - ANS-Load
9. In a third class lever system, what is in the middle? - ANS-Effort
10. Is the pancreas endocrine or exocrine? - ANS-Both
11. Prosencephalon becomes what? - ANS-Cerebrum
12. Saltatory conduction happens in which type of neuron? Is this fast or slow conudction? -
ANS-Myelinated neurons, fast
13. Short term memory is stored where? - ANS-Hippocampus
14. What are autocrines? - ANS-Hormones that act on the cell that released them
15. What are characteristics of all muscles? - ANS-Electrical excitability, extensibility,
elasticity, contractility
16. What are characteristics of cardiac muscle? - ANS-Striated, branching, uninucleated,
involuntary, autonomic nervous control, intercalated discs (gap junctions)
17. What are characteristics of lipid-soluble hormones? - ANS-circulate bound to transport
proteins
18. Can directly pass through cell membrane and cause transcription DNA changes directly
in the nucleus
19. What are characteristics of skeletal muscle? - ANS-Striated, voluntary, multinucleated,
somatic nervous system control
20. What are characteristics of smooth muscle? - ANS-Non-striated, involuntary,
uninucleated, autonomic nervous control
, 21. What are characteristics of water-soluble hormones? - ANS-Cannot penetrate through
cell membrane unless a special channel is present. Most are larger in size. They rely on
second messenger proteins to affect the inside of a cell.
22. What are endocrine hormones? - ANS-Can be used by any part of the body
23. What are mediating proteins of muscle tissue? - ANS-Troponin and Tropomyosin
24. What are paracrines? - ANS-Local hormones that do not circulate
25. What are some endocrine glands? - ANS-pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal,
ovaries/testes/pancreas (these can be both endo and exo), and pineal glands
26. What are some exocrine glands? - ANS-sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), mucous,
digestive, salivary, parotid, and several others throughout the body
27. What are some important neurotransmitters? - ANS-Acetylcholine, Dopamine,
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
28. What are some lipid soluble hormones? - ANS-Thyroid hormones, Steroids, Nitric Oxide
29. What are some water soluble hormones? - ANS-Amine hormones, Peptide and Protein
Hormones, Eicosanoid Hormones
30. What are the 6 extraoccular muscles of the eye? - ANS-Superior Rectus, Inferior Rectus,
Lateral Rectus, Medial Rectus, Superior Oblique, Inferior Oblique
31. What are the ascending (sensory tracts) we must know? - ANS-Spinothalamic, Posterior
Column Medial Lemniscus, Spinocerebellar, Trigeminothalamic
32. What are the components of a reflex arc in order? - ANS-Sensory receptor, sensory
neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector organ (often muscle)
33. What are the components of the brain stem and their functions? - ANS-Midbrain:
Relaying of visual/auditory information, Pons: Respiration, Medulla Oblongata: Heart
function, Digestion, Defecation/Urination
34. What are the components of the Diencephalon and their functions? - ANS-Hypothalamus
(Homeostasis, controlling of parasympathetic functions, controlling of endocrine system),
Thalamus (GPS), Epithalamus (production of Melatonin in Pineal gland)
35. What are the cranial nerves and their functions? - ANS-CNI: Sensory, Smell
36. CN II: Sensory, Sight
37. CN III: Motor, Moving eyes
38. CN IV: Motor, Moving eyes
39. CN V: Both, Facial feeling and chewing
40. CN VI: Motor, Moving eyes
41. CN VII: Both, Facial expression
42. CN VIII: Sensory, Hearing and Balance
43. CN IX: Both, Salivary gland innervation, swallowing, taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue
44. CN X: Both, Speaking, tasting with epiglottis, cardiovascular depression,
defecation/urination
45. CN XI: Motor, Shoulder elevation and depression
46. CN XII: Motor, Tongue movement
47. What are the descending (motor tracts) we must know? - ANS-Corticobulbar,
Corticospinal, Rubrospinal, Tectospinal (if it isn't sensory, assume it's motor!)
48. What are the locations of the cranial nerves? - ANS-
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