Exam (elaborations)
Phc4030 Exam 2 Questions And Answers Latest Update
- Course
- PHC 4032
- Institution
- University Of South Florida
Phc4030 Exam 2 Questions And Answers Latest Update
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Solution 2024/2025Pepper
Phc4030 Exam 2 Questions And Answers Latest
Update
Ecological study design ANS✔✔ a study in which the units of analysis are
populations or groups of people rather than individuals
Information is collected from individual respondents by giving them a
questionnaire, taking other measurements, and analyzing the data. In this
situation
Ecological study design strengths ANS✔✔ may provide information about
the context of health
can be performed when individual-level measurements are not available
can be conducted rapidly and with minimal resources.
Ecological study design weaknesses ANS✔✔ Ecological fallacy: occurs when
inappropriate conclusions are drawn regarding relationships of disease and
exposure for an individual based on group attributes. Making a causal
inference about individual phenomenon on the bases of the observations of
groups
cross-sectional study ANS✔✔ individuals are the unit of analysis; both
disease and exposure are measured at the same time, examines the
relationship between diseases (or other health outcomes) and other
variables of interest as they exist in a defined population at one particular
time, a snapshot of all the information in a case
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
cross-sectional study strengths ANS✔✔ good indicator of prevalence; can
also provide correlations of disease by demographic (such as blood type;
gender; age) info
cross-sectional study weakness ANS✔✔ is a poor predictor of causality NO
TEMPORAL ORDERING;
its impossible to disentangle cause and effect including reciprocal effects
been exposure and disease can only be used to establish correlations
Case-control study design ANS✔✔ studies the rate at which exposure
occurs.
Subjects are selected on the basis of whether they do (cases) or do not
(controls) have a particular disease under study.
Case control strengths ANS✔✔ design is efficient for investigation rare
diseases: starts w/ individuals who are sick and compares their exposure w/
healthy people (the opposite of cohort studies)
Cheap and quick
Case control weakness ANS✔✔ recall bias, measurement of exposure may
be inaccurate, representativeness of cases and controls may be unknown,
provide indirect estimates of risk, the temporal relationship between
exposure factor and outcome cannot always be determined.
cohort study design ANS✔✔ Tracks the incidence of a disease overtime,
Sample is selected on exposure status. Begin w/ healthy people who are
followed through time and then counted. Compare the rate of disease
between the exposed and the unexposed
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