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Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Q&A’s Updated Solution
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What are the signs and symptoms associated with hypernatremia - ANS - thirst, fever, dry mucous membrane, hypotension, tachycardia, restlessness, low jugular venous pressure. Why does giving insulin reduce potassium? - ANS - Insulin carries potassium back into the cell What are the signs an...

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  • October 26, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1
Q&A’s Updated Solution


What are the properties of a eukaryotic cell - ANS ✔✔ - • Well define nucleus.

• Cells are larger and have more extensive intracellular anatomy and organization than do prokaryotes.

• Cells bind with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and are involved in the super coiling of DNA.

• Cells have several chromosomes, protein production or synthesis

. It consists of three components: outer membrane called plasma membrane, a fluid filling called
cytoplasm, and the intra cellular organs or organelles



How do cells communicate with each other and the environment outside the cell - ANS ✔✔ - Cells
communicate by using hundreds of signal molecules.

-they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptor) that affect the cell itself and other
cells in direct physical contact

-they affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter the cell to bind to
them

-they form protein channels (gap junctions) that directly coordinate the activities of adjacent cells.



Responsible for cellular respiration and energy production - ANS ✔✔ - mitochondria



They provide sites for cellular protein synthesis - ANS ✔✔ - ribosome



Is the largest membrane bound organelle and is usually found in the cell center, main function is cell
division and control of genetic information - ANS ✔✔ - nucleus



Is a small dense structure composed largely of RNA and combine it with proteins - ANS ✔✔ - nucleolus

,Are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes - ANS ✔✔ -
lysosomes



Specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components of most of the cells
organelles - ANS ✔✔ - endoplasmic reticulum



Proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are processed and packaged into small membrane - ANS ✔✔ -
Golgi apparatus or complex



Membrane organelles that contain several oxidative enzymes such as catalase and urate oxidase. Those
enzymes use oxygen to remove hydrogen in an oxidative reaction that produces hydrogen peroxide. - ANS
✔✔ - peroxisomes



It is the gelatinous, semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm. Functions include: intermediary metabolism
involving enzymatic biochemical reactions; ribosomal protein synthesis and storage of carbohydrates, fat
and secretory vesicles - ANS ✔✔ - cytosol



Maintains the cell's shape and internal organization - ANS ✔✔ - cytoskeleton



Cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly absorbed, destroyed and immobilized. - ANS ✔✔ -
paracrine



Cancer cells use this form of signaling to stimulate their survival and proliferation. It function as a
component of normal growth regulatory mechanism. - ANS ✔✔ - autocrine



Diffuses across the synaptic cleft and acts on the postsypnaptic target cells - ANS ✔✔ - neurotransmitter



Are released by one set of cells and travel through the tissue and through the bloodstream to produce a
response in other set of cells - ANS ✔✔ - hormone

, Proteins float in the fluid lipid bilayer. Is a membrane structure that consists of a variety of individual
protein molecules moving and shifting within a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. - ANS ✔✔ - fluid mosaic
model



Second messenger - ANS ✔✔ - are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface

Are generated in large numbers when the membrane bound enzyme is activated, and they then rapidly
diffuse away from their source, broadcasting the signal throughout the cell. The two major pathways are
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP, CAMP) and Ca.

• A signal molecule such as epinephrine binds to a cell surface receptor, it activate a G protein inside the
cell

• The G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase to produce large amounts of cyclic AMP from ATP

• Then cAMP binds to and activate a target protein such as a-kinase which adds phosphate to specific
protein within the cell



How does oxidative phosphorylation work? - ANS ✔✔ - Occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism
by which the energy produce from cahydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. The process by
which ATP is formed



: is the passive movement of a solute from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower
solute concentration. - ANS ✔✔ - diffusion



Is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration
to a region of higher solute concentration? - ANS ✔✔ - Osmosis



Is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes - ANS ✔✔ - Hydrostatic pressure



Requires metabolic energy (ATP) to move molecules against the concentration gradient - ANS ✔✔ - active
transport

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