what are the 3 stages the body goes through when under stress - ️️alarm stage
(compensation)
resistance stage/adaptation stage (coping)
Exhaustion stage (decompensation)
negative feedback vs positive feedback - ️️- Negative reduces effect/eliminates
original stimulus eg. human body tem...
UST ABSN PATHO 1 Exam 2
what are the 3 stages the body goes through when under stress - ✔️✔️alarm stage
(compensation)
resistance stage/adaptation stage (coping)
Exhaustion stage (decompensation)
negative feedback vs positive feedback - ✔️✔️- Negative reduces effect/eliminates
original stimulus eg. human body temp
- Positive feedback reinforces original stimulus eg. oxytocin released during childbirth
What is a perceived or anticipated threat that disrupts a person's well-being or
homeostasis, and exceeds the individuals capacity to meet demands? - ✔️✔️Stress
3 types of stimuli that can trigger a stress response? - ✔️✔️psychological/emotional
physical
physiologic
psychological/emotional stimuli to stress - ✔️✔️fear, social rejection
physical stimuli to stress - ✔️✔️dramatic temperature changes, abuse
physiologic stimuli to stress - ✔️✔️infection, inflammation
What is commonly used to describe negative thoughts and uncontrolled feelings? -
✔️✔️Stress
What is negative feedback system - ✔️✔️Low levels of a hormone stimulate production
High levels of a hormone stop production
Homeostasis - ✔️✔️A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
- balance of body
example of disrupted homeostasis - ✔️✔️stress
what is homeostasis dependent on? - ✔️✔️control systems, negative feedback
systems
,can uncorrected stress lead to disease? - ✔️✔️yes
allostasis - ✔️✔️process by which the body achieves stability through physiological
change
- about adaptation
Strategy the brain uses to anticipate the need for resources to meet future challenges -
✔️✔️allostasis
allostatic overload - ✔️✔️Over activation of adaptive systems
- Highly individualized
how many stages describe the physiological changes the body goes through when
under stress? - ✔️✔️3
Alarm stage (compensation) - Stress - ✔️✔️Emergency reaction that prepares the
body to fight or flee from threat
What kind of response does the alarm stage of stress have? - ✔️✔️Neurologic
- stress response onset, fight or flight reaction, catecholamines and cortisol released
what does the alarm stage of stress release? - ✔️✔️secretion of hormones and
catecholamines to support physiologic/metabolic activity and boosts the immune system
to thwart infection and disease
Resistance/Adaption stage (coping) - stress - ✔️✔️requires continued mobilization of
the body's resources to cope and overcome a sustained challenge
what kind of response does the resistance/adaptation stage of stress elicit? -
✔️✔️Endocrine
- stress response intensifying, hormones released, and coping vs not coping
exhaustion stage (decompensation) - stress - ✔️✔️occurs when the body's physiologic
and immune systems no longer effectively cope with the stressor and marks the onset
of diseases (diseases of adaptation)
what kind of response does the exhaustion stage of stress elicit? - ✔️✔️allostatic
- stress-related illness develops
Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome - ✔️✔️three-stage process which describes the
body's reaction to stress: 1) alarm reaction, 2) resistance, 3) exahaustion
central axis of stress response - ✔️✔️hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (central
response system)
,activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis - ✔️✔️Involves the sequential
secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormones from the hypothalamus, which stimulates
receptors and the anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone, which then
stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoid cortisol
How can drugs effect stress? - ✔️✔️stimulate or block cell receptors on cell membrane
channels
- ex: psychotherapeutic medication and for drugs of abuse
epinephrine vs adrenlaine - ✔️✔️No difference
- treatment of choice for anaphylactic shock; both a neurotransmitter and hormone
What commonly consumed substance is both lipophilic and hydrophilic? - ✔️✔️Ethanol
- can go through cell membranes and travel where hydrophilic substances go
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) - ✔️✔️- Fight or flight
Mechanisms
- dilates pupils
- decreases salivation
- increases HR
- vasoconstriction of arteries
- bronchodilation
- decreases gastric and intestinal motility
- bladder relaxation
T or F: SNS and PNS are part of the Peripheral Nervous System - ✔️✔️True
T or F: Parasympathetic pathway is more simple and goes straight to target tissue -
✔️✔️True
T or F: The sympathetic nervous system is more simple and goes straight to target
tissue - ✔️✔️False
- goes to the adrenal medulla and the blood stream on the way to the target tissue
, Psychoneuroimmunology - ✔️✔️the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine
processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
Psycho - consciousness
Neuro - CNS
Immune - Immune modulation by psychosocial stressors leads directly to health
outcomes
Acute stress - ✔️✔️a temporary bout of stress that calls forth alertness or alarm to
prompt the person to deal with an event
- fight or flight
Chronic stress - ✔️✔️Continuous stressful arousal persisting over time
- long term stress
effects/diseases of chronic stress - ✔️✔️- cardiovascular problems
- gastrointestinal disturbances
- reduce immune response
- neurologic systems disease
example of health conditions related to chronic stress - ✔️✔️- depression
- alcoholism
- drug abuse
- eating disorder
- accidents and suicides
Psychosocial distress - ✔️✔️- Manifests as physiologic, emotional, cognitive, and
behavior changes
- Individual at risk for immunologic deficits
- Aggression associated with changes in T- and B-cell numbers
- Linked to chronic disorders if severe
- Identifying and reducing stress in the clinical setting may help in disease prevention
and illness management
Coping (stress in individuals) - ✔️✔️may be adaptive or maladaptive
- strategies beneficial when problem focused and when social support is sought
- maladaptive coping may contribute to adverse heath effects
Role of immune system (stress in individuals) - ✔️✔️- stress is directly related to pro
inflammatory cytokines
- link between stress, immune function and disease/cancer
- immune system affected by neuroendocrine factors
- stress response decreases T-cell toxicity and B-cell function
Illness can follow stress (stress in individuals) - ✔️✔️- exact effects still unknown
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