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Chemistry A Level CIE Electrochemistry

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Chemistry A Level CIE Electrochemistry

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  • October 26, 2024
  • 20
  • 2023/2024
  • Class notes
  • Mr gopi
  • Carboxylic acids and acyl chlorides
  • 200
avatar-seller
ethanol (H50H = C2H50
+
-

: + H

(2H5 >
-

donating
more If react more with Ht eam to left
Carboxylic Acid and their
Derivatives , ,




·

Acidity

CH3COOH (99) = CH3C00- (d9) + H+ (aq) Phenol :
CoH5OH = CoH5O- + Ht

·
equ Electrons go into ring ,




Carboxylic Acid> Phenol > Water > alcohol Overlap Disystem >
-
More stable

I
less Acidic charge then spread over ,


↓ pla ,
more acidic Reduced ,
not (f
enough to



-
O-H bond weakened by Carbonyl group c = 0 reactWith Ht +O fOrM CbH5OH
>e
-
withdrawing
O
ce-in C-0 bond drawn towards c= 0 bond Ti
C-OH
-

R -
C > e-drawn away NO2 >
-
With draw
-
m

e-withdrawing O - H ↓
Withdraw
↳ more Electronegative
-

Carboxylate ion is stabilised by delocalisation of earound Cof-group . This delo calisation spreads out the


negative charge on Carboxylate ion , reducing its charge density and making it less likely to bond


With an H +
(ag) ion to re-form the undissociated acid molecule



O
negative charge is spread over the whole-coo-group (bonblengths of both
" >
- Carbon-oxygen
B -C
-




bonds are equal)
"
-
chlorine is e-withdrawing group

↳ e-withdrawing groups extend the delocalisation of the negative on the -coo-group of the carboxylate

ion , further increasing the stabilising of the-coo-group and making it less likely to bond with an Ht(aq) ion




"
O O

H-C--O-H H--r H +
Tka , stronger acid , tipka
H H more stable
the more the Ci
stronger acid
,

more de localised
,




ka = 1 3 x 10
-
3 due to CI group
10 5
.




I Ka 1 7
-




Ethanol : = . x




e Cl
* methyl group - donating O
* /
LI E C
↳I
-




↳ strengthens the O-H bond in -C00H
- -
It

donates (f charge towards 100-
Cl
*
easily and
-


↳ If lost most
the CC13c00-ion
group of carboxylate ion > more
-
likely formed is least Attractive
to H+ (aq) ions , nence
accept H (aq) ion H (99) ions dissociated
+
to More +

,↑ now benzoic acids are formed


Alkylarenes
>
-

Alkane side chain oxidised to -cooH only




1 . Why Ethanoic acid is a stronger acid than ethanol .




e-withdrawing Carbonyl ethanoic Acid weakens the O-H bond in-COOH
>
-

group in group
,



making it more likely for CH3200H to lose an Htion than CzH50H. Delocalisation of e-



around-coo-group stabilises the ethanoate ion
. Not possible in ethoxide ion >
-
only has electron


donating group Calkyl) ,
less likely to It
lose since less delocalised e




2 . Methanoic Acid us ethanoic acid


>
-
Ethanoic did has more electron donating group , hence doesn't did the breaking of O-H



Methanoic acid >
stronger acid. Once the ethanoate anion is formed the methyl group
-




tends to increase the concentration of 1 charge on the -200-end of ion >
-
more attractive


to #tions than Methanoate .
anion Hence ethanoic did more likely exist undissociated.




·
oxidation

-
Methanoic did is a stronger reducing agent than other carboxylic acids

↳ Feeling's solution

-

Alkaline Sol . Contains Cu2 + ions (blue)


red/orange
+
-
clear blue-opaque (c) )


↳ Tollen's reagent

-

ad - solution of AGNOs in excess NH3 SO1 .




-

silver ions reduced to silver atoms




+
HCOOH CO2 2H (ag) warmed with Felling's
> + + 22-- under /Tollen's
-




I H2OOH + [O] >
-
CO2 + H2O Acidified KMnOD/K2CUzO7

, -


stronger of can oxidise ethanediois acid


OH-c-C-OH



Ethanedioic acid + H2SO4 can be used to stardadise kMnO4




O O


"
1

CH2 -
(H2 -
-
0 -
H < CH3 -
CH -
C -
O -
H


it it
more with drawing
Since closer to 0-
More Acidic




Acyl Chloride


O
I
R -
C -
C


·


synthesis

+ PC13 neat

warm
carb acid .
+ SOCIz > Acyl Chloride
L
rEP
+ PC15


eX : 3CH3C00H + P(1zMeg 3CH3202I +
HyPOz
r . t .
(9)
CH3COOH + SOCI + CH3COCI + SO2 + HCl(g) ,
no need further distillation


CH3C00H + P(15 CH3COCI + POCI + HCl


steamy fumes


·

Reactions


1 .
Hydrolysis

Acy1 > halogenoalkane > chlorobenzene


paling gampang react
-



c

iii St

R
> R -
CH2 -
Cl > one pair of 11 overlap it ring system
C Cl
-
- .

>
-
>
-




↓ most (+ >
L
delocalised over conjugated double
boud ring of benzene adding ,



highly st carbon atom bonded to its character .




to electronegative o and ch Due to double bond character

chlorine of ary) ring
is Mert bond
, strong c-cl .

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