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Urinalysis and Body Fluids (Chapter 2) Questions With Solutions
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Urinalysis and Body Fluids (Chapter 2) Questions With Solutions Many well-known names in the history of medicine are associated with the study of urine, including Hippocrates, who, in the 5th century BCE, wrote a book on "uroscopy." During the Middle Ages, physicians concentrated their efforts...

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  • October 26, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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Urinalysis and Body Fluids (Chapter 2)
Questions With Solutions

Many well-known names in the history of medicine are

associated with the study of urine, including Hippocrates, who,

in the 5th century BCE, wrote a book on "uroscopy." During

the Middle Ages, physicians concentrated their efforts very in

tensively on the art of uroscopy, receiving instruction in urine

examination as part of their training (Fig. 2-2). By 1140 CE,

color charts had been developed that described the significance

of 20 different colors (Fig. 2-3). Chemical testing progressed

from "ant testing" and "taste testing" for glucose to Frederik


Dekkers' discovery in 1694 of albuminuria by boiling urine. FUN FACTS


History

References to the study of urine can be found in the

drawings of cavemen and in Egyptian hieroglyphics, such as the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus.

Often these physicians never saw the patient,

only the patient's urine. Although these physicians lacked the sophisticated testing mechanisms

now available, they were able to obtain diagnostic information from such basic observations as

, Urinalysis and Body Fluids (Chapter 2)
Questions With Solutions
color, turbidity, odor, volume, viscosity, and even sweetness (by noting that certain specimens

attracted ants

or tasted sweet).




1. Urine is a readily available and easily collected specimen.

2. Urine contains information, which can be obtained by inexpensive laboratory tests, about

many of the body's major metabolic functions. Two unique characteristics of a urine

specimen account

for this continued popularity:




In general, urine consists of urea and other organic and inor

ganic chemicals dissolved in water. Urine is normally 95%

water and 5% solutes, although considerable variations in the

concentrations of these solutes can occur owing to the influ

ence of factors such as dietary intake, physical activity, body


metabolism, and endocrine functions. FUN FACTS


The kidneys continuously form urine as an ultrafiltrate of

, Urinalysis and Body Fluids (Chapter 2)
Questions With Solutions
plasma. Reabsorption of water and filtered substances essentialto body function converts

approximately 170,000 mL of filtered plasma to the average daily urine output of 1200 mL.




Urea

Creatinine

Uric acid

Chloride

Sodium

Potassium

Phosphate

Ammonium


Calcium What are the primary components in a normal urine? Enumerate.




Oliguria a decrease in urine output, commonlyseen when the body enters a state of

dehydration as a resultof excessive water loss from vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration,or severe

burns.




Anuria

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