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Topic 3 of the syllabus: SECONDARY COMPETITIONS (ENGLISH)
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Unit 3. Communication. Language
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TEMA 3. COMUNICACIÓNThe Communication Process
INTRODUCTION
Language is not merely a tool for conveying information; it is a dynamic and ever-evolving
system that shapes our thoughts, perceptions, and relationships. This presentation will explore
the processes involved in communication, from the production of language to its interpretation.
We will pay particular attention to the ways in which language is used to negotiate meaning and
construct shared understanding.
The Communication Process
The Communication Process
Communication is the exchange of information between two or more individuals. It's a complex
process that involves several steps. Let's break down each step:
1. Sender
● Formulates a message: The sender, or the person initiating the communication, creates
a message they want to convey.
● Encodes the message: They then encode this message into a form that can be
understood by the receiver, such as spoken language, written text, or nonverbal cues.
2. Channel
● Transmits the message: The encoded message is transmitted through a channel,
which could be face-to-face, telephone, email, or any other medium.
3. Receiver
● Decodes the message: The receiver interprets the message and tries to understand its
meaning.
● Provides feedback: The receiver may provide feedback to the sender, indicating
whether the message was understood correctly.
4. Noise
● Interference: Noise refers to any interference that can disrupt the communication
process. This could be physical noise (like loud background sounds), psychological
noise (like biases or distractions), or semantic noise (misunderstandings due to different
interpretations of words).
, 5. Context
● Setting: The context in which communication occurs can greatly influence its meaning.
Factors like the physical environment, the relationship between the sender and receiver,
and the cultural background can all affect how a message is interpreted.
Example: Imagine you want to tell your friend that you're hungry. You (the sender) think of the
message "I'm starving" (encoding), and you say it out loud (channel). Your friend (receiver)
hears the message and understands that you want to eat (decoding). They might respond with
"Let's go get pizza" (feedback). If there's a lot of background noise at a concert, however, your
friend might not hear you clearly, and this would be considered noise.
Key components of effective communication:
● Clarity: The message should be clear and easy to understand.
● Conciseness: The message should be brief and to the point.
● Relevance: The message should be relevant to the receiver.
● Timeliness: The message should be delivered at the appropriate time
¡Claro! Con gusto desarrollaré el tema de las "funciones del lenguaje" en inglés.
Functions of Language
Language is more than just a means of communication; it serves a variety of purposes or
functions. These functions help us understand how we use language in different social and
cultural contexts.
Roman Jakobson's Model
One of the most influential models of language functions was proposed by Roman Jakobson.
He identified six primary functions:
1. Referential function: This function focuses on the message itself and the information it
conveys. It's about providing information or referring to something in the world.
○ Example: "The cat is on the mat."
2. Expressive function: This function conveys the speaker's emotions or attitudes. It's
about expressing feelings or opinions.
○ Example: "I'm so excited!"
3. Conative function: This function is oriented towards the receiver, aiming to influence or
persuade the listener. It's about getting someone to do something.
○ Example: "Please pass the salt."
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