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BPK 142 – INTRODUCTION TO KINESIOLOGY MIDTERM Introduction to Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology Lecture notes, lectures 1-6 Simon Fraser University $13.49
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BPK 142 – INTRODUCTION TO KINESIOLOGY MIDTERM Introduction to Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology Lecture notes, lectures 1-6 Simon Fraser University
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BPK 142 – INTRODUCTION TO KINESIOLOGY MIDTERM Introduction to Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology Lecture notes, lectures 1-6 Simon Fraser University

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BPK 142 – INTRODUCTION TO KINESIOLOGY
MIDTERM Introduction to Biomedical
Physiology and Kinesiology Lecture notes,
lectures 1-6 Simon Fraser University




BPK 142 – INTRODUCTION TO KINESIOLOGY MIDTERM

OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY
Osteology: Study of bones
Arthrology: Study of joints (junctions between bones)

A. Functions of the Skeleton
1. Body movement – provides attachment points for muscles, permitting leverage
2. Support – rigid framework, which softer tissues and organs are attached
3. Protection – vital internal organs
4. Mineral storage – calcium, phosphorus
5. Blood cell formation – red bone marrow produces RBC, WBC, and platelets (hematopoiesis)

B. Structure of Bone (pgs. 1-8 to 1-9)
- Epiphysis: Ends of long bone, largely cancellous bone covered with articular cartilage
o Cancellous (spongy) bone: Masses of developing RBC/WBC supported by fine fibers
o Articular cartilage: Smooth and slippery region where bones of a synovial joint
make physical contact at cartilaginous ends
- Diaphysis: Shafts of a long bone consisting of compact bone and a central cavity
o Compact bone: Nutrient blood reaches bone cells by a system of Haversian canals
o Medullary cavity (yellow marrow): Blood cell production largely ceases in
the marrow of the diaphysis and the cavity contains fat (yellow marrow)
- Periosteum: Fibrous sheath covering bone (does not cover articular cartilage)

- Building blocks – calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen (protein constituent
of connective tissue) fibers, and water
- Tissue is composed of osteocytes, surrounded by matrix (25 % water, 25 % protein, 50
% mineral salts)
- Highly dynamic and continually remodeled in response to mechanical stress or even absences
of stress
- Longitudinal growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate (a layer of cartilage) where

, 2
proliferating cartilage cells are gradually replaced by bone
o Osteoclasts break down bone (reabsorption)
o Osteoblasts form bone (formation)
- Physically active individuals tend to have denser, more mineralized bones

C. Classification of Bones (pg. 1-10)
- Long bones
o Upper and lower extremities (humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, femur, tibia,
fibula, metatarsals, and phalanges)
o Hollow shafts are made of compact bones, filled with yellow marrow
o Ends are composed of spongy or cancellous bone, containing red marrow
- Short bones
o Wrist (carpals) and ankle (tarsals)
o Composed of spongy bone covered by a shell of compact bone
- Flat bones
o Face and skull, scapula, ribs, sternum, ilium
o Contain broad surfaces for muscle attachment or protection of underlying organs
o Consist of two plates of compact bone with a thin layer of spongy bone in-between
- Irregular bones
o Bones that do not fit other categories (24 vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, ear bones)

, 2
- Sesamoid bones
o Bones enveloped by a tendon (patella (provides an angle of pull for quadriceps))

D. Vertebral Column
- Flexible support for the trunk and protection for the spinal cord
- Consisted of 33 vertebrae, including 26 distinct bones
- Divided into 5 segments:
o 7 cervical vertebrae
o 12 thoracic vertebrae
o 5 lumbar vertebrae
o 5 sacral vertebrae
o 4 coccygeal vertebrae
- Each vertebrae has two parts:
o Vertebral body (anterior solid portion) bears the weight
o Neural arch forms the wall of the vertebral canal housing in the spinal cord
- Articulates through facets of the neural arches (synovial joint) and intervertebral
discs (cartilaginous joint)
- Discs absorb shock and allow slight movements
- A vertebral column has three distinct curves:
o Cervical
o Thoracic
o Lumbar
- Classes of abnormal curves:
o Scoliosis – abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column
o Kyphosis (hump back)- exaggerated posterior thoracic curve
o Lordosis (sway back) – exaggerated anterior lumbar curve

E. Classification of Joints (pgs. 7-1 to 7-4)
1. Fibrous joint (synarthrodial) – immoveable (fixed)
- Bones united by fibrous tissue, has no joint cavity or movement
2. Cartilaginous joint (amphiarthrodial) – slightly moveable
- Bones united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
3. Synovial joint (diathrodial) – freely moveable
- Joints are surrounded by a dense fibrous connective tissue capsule, (continuous
with periosteum) which strengthens and protects the joint
- Inside the joint, the capsule is lined with synovial membrane (produces synovial fluid)
o Synovial fluid
▪ Lubricates joint surfaces
▪ Supplies nutrients and removes waste products from cartilage cells
- Outside the capsule, ligaments and tendons further bind and strengthen the joint
- Sensory nerves enter the capsule to supply information to the brain about joint pain
and the joint’s position and degree of movement
- Nerves do not enter the cartilage or joint cavity

- Complex joint: Intracapsular disc or meniscus that is present within a joint
- Connective tissues associated with joints:
o Ligament: Strong, fibrous connective tissue that connects bones together
▪ Resists abnormal movements of joints and movements beyond normal limits
▪ Not highly elastic and looses ability to perform correctly when overstretched
o Tendon: Fibrous connective tissue that joins muscle to bone to stabilize the joint
o Bursae: Sacs containing synovial fluid which absorbs shock and prevents friction

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