PCC Exam 1 Questions and Answers

PCC Exam 1 Questions and Answers Education requirements for current nursing practice LPN- practical/vocational RN- associates or bachelors degree in nursing Advanced Practice- masters or doctorate in nursing patient centered care providing care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values and ensuring that patient values guide all clinical decisions Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:00 / 0:15 Full screen Brainpower Read More Important Nursing Organizations -American Nurses Association -National League for Nursing -American Association of Colleges of Nursing -National Student Nurse's Association -Sigma Theta Tau (Delta Beta at USF) Roles of a Nurse caregiver, advocate, educator, researcher, leader PICOT P: Population I: Intervention C: Comparison O: Outcome T: Time SPLATT Symptoms at time of fall Prior history of falls Location of fall Activity at time of fall Time of fall Trauma after fall Intrinsic fall risk factors -orthostatic hypotension -meds -impaired gait/balance -neuropathy -incontinence -vision impairment -UTI -confusion extrinsic fall risks unsafe environment, improper use of assistive devices guidelines for restraints -Never ordered PRN -Follow hospital policy -Require order within 1 hour (time can vary per unit or hospital) -Must be re-ordered every 24 hours -Last resort (must try other measures first -Behavioral vs medical/surgical restraints -Assess and document frequently -Continuously reassess for ongoing need Alternatives to restraints -assess needs -bed exit alarm -discontinue invasive lines -soothing environment -family involvement -sitter common medical errors -medication errors -falls -nosocomial infections -surgical errors -equipment failure -diagnostic errors orthostatic hypotension sudden drop in BP > 10 mm Hg when moving from lying to sitting/standing -assess BP prior to transfer -sit up/dangle feet prior to transfer -return to bed if dizzy venous thromboembolism -unilateral swelling, erythema, pain -hypoxia, tachy, dyspnea, pleuritic pain -prevention = early mobilization, leg exercises, SCDs, TED hose atelectasis alveoli collapse -prevention: early mobilization, upright position, TCDB (turn, cough, deep breathe), incentive spirometer Complications of immobility -constipation -contractures -atelectasis/pneumonia -DVT/VTE -orthostatic hypotension Do body mechanics protect from injury? not always ambulating person with weak side ambulate on the weak side, 2 people needed for the first time up Florence Nightingale reduced infection, promoted health restoration and maintenance aims of nursing -promote health -prevent illness -restore health -facilitate coping with disability or death top 3 safety hazards in community falls, carbon monoxide, fires leading safety problems in home poisoning, falls, burns cycle of abuse tension building, explosion, honeymoon Morse Fall Scale -history of falls -secondary diagnosis -ambulatory aid -IV/heparin lock -gait -mental status what systems do fall assessments focus on? cardiovascular, neurologic, musculoskeletal risks of restraints suffocation, skin breakdown, incontinence, increased agitation, impaired nutrition, hazards of immobility benefits do not outweigh risks Activity orders for patients -up ad lib -up to chair with assist -ambulate with assist -bed rest w/ bathroom -strict bed rest complications of immobility orthostatic hypotension, VTE, atelectasis/pneumonia, constipation, pressure ulcers, contractures direct care provider (nursing role) spiritual, physical, emotional needs of patient communicator (nursing role) therapeutic communication for client needs, healthcare team, community wellness client/family educator (nursing role) implement teaching plan, assess effectiveness client advocate (nursing role) support decisions while protecting from harm counselor (nursing role) requires good communication and ability to advise clients on health issues change agent (nursing role) helping individuals, families, groups and communities change as needed leader (nursing role) inspire others by settings examples: positive health, assertive communication, willingness to improve manager/case manager (nursing role) case manager: coordinate care delivered to client manager: coordinate team activities research consumer (nursing role) use evidence-based practice to identify problems needing research how often should ROM be performed? at least twice a day, 3-5 times each joint nosocomial vs HAI nosocomial = hospital HAI = any healthcare setting spread of infection (6 links) 1. infectious agents 2. reservoir 3. portal of exit 4. mode of transmission 5. portal of entry 6. susceptible host incubation (stage 1 of infection) time from infection to symptoms prodromal (stage 2 of infection) most infectious stage vague symptoms, not all infections have this stage illness (stage 3 of infection) symptoms and signs present decline (stage 4 of infection) pathogen # decreases convalescence (stage 5 of infection) tissue repair, return to health classifications of infection by location (local or systemic) by duration (acute, chronic, latent) exogenous HAI from microorganisms outside the individual endogenous HAI when patient's normal flora becomes altered lines of defense -primary: anatomical features (skin, mucous membranes, tears, normal flora) -secondary: biochemical processes (phagocytosis, complement cascade, fever, inflammation) -tertiary: humoral immunity (B cells produce antibodies) cell-mediated immunity (T cells directly destroy infected cells) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) establishes minimum health and safety standards, issued standard precautions, can make violations punishable I Care focus on isolating organism not individual -patients feel lonely National League for Nursing (NLN) education American Nurses Association (ANA) ethics