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Samenvatting - levenslooppsychologie / ontwikkelingspsychologie

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Samenvatting levenslooppsychologie / ontwikkelingspsychologie; gebaseerd op PowerPoints, uitleg van leerkracht en boek 'Psychologie van de levensloop'; geslaagd met 18/20; lerarenopleiding HOGENT, eerste jaar Educatieve Bachelor

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  • October 27, 2024
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Inhoudsopgave
Inleiding ontwikkelingspsychologie......................................................................................................................................4

Hoofdstuk 1: Terreinverkenning...........................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Korte historiek............................................................................................................................................................4
1.1.1 De verre voorgeschiedenis..................................................................................................................................4
1.1.2 Start van ‘genetische’ psychologie......................................................................................................................5
1.1.3 Omvorming tot een ontwikkelingspsychologie...................................................................................................5
1.1.4 Uitgroei tot een volwaardige levenslooppsychologie.........................................................................................6
1.2 De indeling in fasen....................................................................................................................................................6
1.2.1 Continuïteit of discontinuïteit in de ontwikkeling..............................................................................................7
1.2.2 Poging tot synthese.............................................................................................................................................7
1.3 Factoren die de ontwikkeling sturen..........................................................................................................................7
1.3.1 Rol van de erfelijkheid.........................................................................................................................................7
1.3.2 invloeden vanuit het milieu................................................................................................................................8
1.3.3 Interacties tussen erfelijkheid en milieu.............................................................................................................9
1.3.4 Zelfsturing als derde factor.................................................................................................................................9

Hoofdstuk 4: de babytijd (0 tot 1 jaar)...............................................................................................................................10
4.1 Uitrusting van de pasgeborene................................................................................................................................10
4.1.1 Motorische reacties: pasgeborene...................................................................................................................10
4.1.2 Waarneming en cognitie: pasgeborene............................................................................................................10
Goed ontwikkelde zintuigen..................................................................................................................................10
Elementaire leerprocessen....................................................................................................................................11
4.1.3 Sociale gerichtheid en emoties: pasgeborene..................................................................................................11
4.2 Verdere motorische ontwikkeling............................................................................................................................11
Ontwikkelingsverloop............................................................................................................................................11
4.3 Ontwikkelingen in de waarneming en cognitie.......................................................................................................11
4.3.1 Sensomotorische ontwikkelingsperiode...........................................................................................................12
4.3.2 Bespreking van enkele afzonderlijke processen...............................................................................................12
De waarneming: zien.............................................................................................................................................12
Taalontwikkeling....................................................................................................................................................12
4.4 Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling.................................................................................................................13
4.4.1 Sociale ontwikkeling..........................................................................................................................................13
Differentiatie in sociale gerichtheid.......................................................................................................................13
Hechtingstheorie van Bolwby................................................................................................................................13
Hechtingskwaliteit volgens Ainsworth: hechtingsstijlen.......................................................................................14
4.4.2 Dynamisch-affectieve ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................14
Nieuwe behoeften.................................................................................................................................................14
Differentiatie in gevoelsleven................................................................................................................................14
Kernconflict van de babytijd..................................................................................................................................14

Hoofdstuk 5: de peuterjaren (1 tot 3 jaar).........................................................................................................................15
5.1 Lichamelijke en motorische ontwikkeling................................................................................................................15
5.1.1 Gebruik van de skeletspieren............................................................................................................................15
Grove motoriek......................................................................................................................................................15
Fijne motoriek.......................................................................................................................................................15
5.1.2 Zindelijkheidstraining........................................................................................................................................15
5.2 Ontwikkelingen in waarneming en mentaal functioneren......................................................................................15
5.2.1 Einde van de sensomotorische periode............................................................................................................16
Einde sensomotorische periode............................................................................................................................16
5.2.2 Begin van het preoperationeel denken............................................................................................................16
1

, Verwarren tussen fantasie en werkelijkheid.........................................................................................................16
Het preconceptuele denken..................................................................................................................................17
5.2.3 Bespreking van enkele afzonderlijke processen...............................................................................................17
De taalontwikkeling...............................................................................................................................................17
Belang van stimulerende taalomgeving................................................................................................................17
Meertaligheid........................................................................................................................................................17
5.3 Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling.................................................................................................................18
5.3.1 Sociale ontwikkeling..........................................................................................................................................18
Naar een evenwichtiger relatie met de volwassene.............................................................................................18
Beginnende interesse voor leeftijdgenoten..........................................................................................................18
Ontstaan van een zelfbewustzijn...........................................................................................................................18
5.3.2 Dynamisch-affectieve ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................19
Nieuwe gevoelens en emoties..............................................................................................................................19
Kernconflict van de peutertijd (Erikson)................................................................................................................19

Hoofdstuk 6: de kleuterjaren (3 tot 6 jaar).........................................................................................................................20
6.1 Lichamelijke en motorische ontwikkeling................................................................................................................20
6.1.1 Lichamelijke veranderingen..............................................................................................................................20
6.1.2 Motorische ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................................20
Grove motoriek......................................................................................................................................................20
Fijne motoriek.......................................................................................................................................................20
Tekenontwikkeling.................................................................................................................................................20
Tekenontwikkeling volgens Luquet........................................................................................................................20
6.2 Ontwikkelingen in de waarneming en cognitie.......................................................................................................20
6.2.1 Het preoperationeel denken van kleuters........................................................................................................20
Einde van het preconceptuele denken..................................................................................................................20
Overgang naar het intuïtieve denken....................................................................................................................21
6.2.2 Bespreking van enkele afzonderlijke processen...............................................................................................21
Waarneming..........................................................................................................................................................21
Het geheugen........................................................................................................................................................21
Denken...................................................................................................................................................................22
De fantasie: bloeiperiode......................................................................................................................................22
De fantasie: denkfouten kleuter............................................................................................................................22
Taalontwikkeling kleuter........................................................................................................................................22
6.3 Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling.................................................................................................................23
6.3.1 Sociale ontwikkeling..........................................................................................................................................23
Relatie met leeftijdsgenoten.................................................................................................................................23
Vriendschappen.....................................................................................................................................................23
Ontluikend zelfconcept..........................................................................................................................................23
Ontwikkelen van genderidentiteit.........................................................................................................................23
6.3.2 Dynamisch-affectieve ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................24
Ontstaan van moreel besef...................................................................................................................................24
Taakgerichtheid.....................................................................................................................................................24
Gevoelens en emoties...........................................................................................................................................24
Kernconflict kleuterperiode...................................................................................................................................25

Hoofdstuk 7: de schoolperiode (6 tot 12 jaar)...................................................................................................................26
7 Schoolrijpheid.............................................................................................................................................................26
7.1 Lichamelijke en motorische ontwikkeling................................................................................................................26
7.1.1 Lichamelijke veranderingen..............................................................................................................................26
7.1.2 Motorische ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................................26
Grove motoriek......................................................................................................................................................26
Fijne motoriek.......................................................................................................................................................27
7.2 Ontwikkelingen in de waarneming en cognitie.......................................................................................................27
7.2.1 Het concreet-operationele denken...................................................................................................................27

2

, Op weg naar een nieuw evenwicht.......................................................................................................................27
Inschakelen mentale operaties..............................................................................................................................28
Klassen- en relatielogica........................................................................................................................................28
7.2.2 Bespreking van enkele afzonderlijke (cognitieve) processen...........................................................................29
Het geheugen: grote vooruitgang.........................................................................................................................29
Denken...................................................................................................................................................................29
De fantasie.............................................................................................................................................................29
De taalontwikkeling...............................................................................................................................................29
7.3 Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling.................................................................................................................30
7.3.1 Sociale ontwikkeling..........................................................................................................................................30
Groeiende interesse voor leeftijdsgenoten...........................................................................................................30
Belang van contact met leeftijdsgenoten..............................................................................................................30
Het zelfconcept......................................................................................................................................................30
7.3.2 Dynamisch-affectieve ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................31
Evoluties binnen het morele besef........................................................................................................................31
Piaget i.v.m. morele ontwikkeling..........................................................................................................................31
Kohlberg i.v.m. morele ontwikkeling.....................................................................................................................31
Gevoelens en emoties...........................................................................................................................................32
Kernconflict van de schoolperiode (Erikson).........................................................................................................32

Hoofdstuk 8: de adolescentie (12 tot 22 jaar)....................................................................................................................33
8.1 Lichamelijke ontwikkeling........................................................................................................................................33
8.1.1 Lichamelijke veranderingen in de puberteit.....................................................................................................33
Lichaamsgroei of groeispurt..................................................................................................................................33
Seksuele rijping......................................................................................................................................................33
Acceleratiefenomenen..........................................................................................................................................33
8.1.2 Psychologische gevolgen van lichaamsveranderingen.....................................................................................33
Rechtstreekse invloeden op het gedrag................................................................................................................33
Invloed van zelfbeeld.............................................................................................................................................34
Invloeden vanuit sociale omgeving.......................................................................................................................34
8.2 Cognitieve ontwikkeling...........................................................................................................................................34
8.2.1 Kenmerken van het formeel-operationele denken...........................................................................................34
Gebruik van abstracte begrippen..........................................................................................................................35
Propositioneel denken...........................................................................................................................................35
Inschakelen van hypothesen.................................................................................................................................35
Hypothetisch-deductief denken............................................................................................................................35
Experimenteel denken...........................................................................................................................................35
Combinatorisch denken.........................................................................................................................................35
8.2.2 Enkele gevolgen van formeel-operationeel denken.........................................................................................36
Aannemen van een kritische houding...................................................................................................................36
Invloed op zelfbeeld..............................................................................................................................................36
Intellectueel egocentrisme....................................................................................................................................36
8.2.3 Bespreking afzonderlijke (cognitieve) processen..............................................................................................37
8.3 Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling.................................................................................................................38
8.3.1 Sociale ontwikkeling..........................................................................................................................................38
Veranderingen in relatie met ouders.....................................................................................................................38
Toenemend belang van leeftijdgenoten................................................................................................................38
8.3.2 Dynamisch-affectieve ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................39
Kernconflict van de adolescentie..........................................................................................................................39
Verschillende ontwikkelingspatronen...................................................................................................................39




3

, Inleiding ontwikkelingspsychologie
Wat is psychologie?
= wetenschappelijke studie gebaseerd op wetenschappelijk verkregen gegevens bv. onderzoek  objectief,
systematisch, controleerbaar
= studie van gedrag  waarneembaar
= studie van mentale processen  inwendig (persoonlijk en resultaat van werking van hersenen) en niet-
waarneembaar (denken, emoties, verlangens, plannen…)
= studie van het individu
 wetenschappelijke studie van gedrag en mentale processen van individuen

Hoofdstuk 1: Terreinverkenning
Ontwikkelings- of levenslooppsychologie = studie van gedrag door de verschillende levensfasen van de
mens
‘Gedrag’ verwijst zowel naar waarneembaar gedrag (zichtbaar handelen), als naar niet-waarneembaar
gedrag (waarnemen, denken, fantaseren, gevoelens, verlangens…)




Om iets te veranderen aan gedrag van leerling, moet je werken op wat hij denkt en wilt  in gesprek gaan
met hem
Bv. iemand maakt iets kapot < gevolg van frustratie
pesten < zelf niet goed in zijn vel, uit evenwicht, moeilijk vrienden maken…

1.1 Korte historiek
1.1.1 De verre voorgeschiedenis
Voorwetenschappelijke ontwikkelingspsychologie
- Intuïtief denken: o.b.v. ervaringen tijdens alledaagse bezigheden, ontstaan allerlei denkbeelden over
hoe wereld in elkaar zit en hoe bepaalde gebeurtenissen onderling samenhangen
- Veranderingen doorheen verschillende levensfasen geven aanleiding tot ontstaan van uiteenlopende
inzichten en beweringen over wat typisch is voor bepaalde leeftijden



4

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