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ECVS BOARD EXAM MISC PART 4 EXAM
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ECVS BOARD EXAM MISC PART 4 EXAM....
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Explain this statement "Postural reactions are a sensitive marker forthe neurologic disease but are nonspecific for any region of the CNS or
peripheral nervous system"
The pathway
for postural reactions involves the entire neurologic
system; information is received by the sensory affer-
ents of the limb and is carried by the nerves to the as-
sending long tracts that traverse the spinal cord and
brainstem to the contralateral portion of the present-
cephalon and ipsilateral portion of the cerebellum.3
In turn, upper motor neurons descend to modulate
the function of lower motor neurons to move the limbs.
Meningoencephalitis of unknown etiopathogenic-
esis is an encompassing term that describes a het-
erogeneous group of idiopathic inflammatory brain
diseases.5 This group includes 3 subtypes, namely
_____________ (3), which are clinically challeng-
ing to distinguish from each other.
granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis, necrotiz-
ing meningoencephalomyelitis, and necrotizing leu-
koencephalomyelitis
Briefly discuss the typical signalment of dogs affected by
meningoencephalomyelitides of unknown origin
Typically, young to
middle-aged small-breed dogs are affected.6,7 Granu-
lomatous meningoencephalomyelitis typically affects
females of terrier and toy breeds with a mean age of
,onset of 4.5 years.8 Necrotizing meningoencephalo-
myelitis primarily affects Pugs, Chihuahuas, and Mal-
tese with a mean age of onset of 2.5 years.8 Necro-
tizing leukoencephalomyelitis is commonly reported
as affecting Yorkshire Terriers and French Bulldogs
with a mean age of onset of 4.5 years.
Although MUE is considered most commonly
associated with small-breed dogs, dogs of any size,
breed, or age group can be affected. Large-breed
dogs may account for 25% of canine cases of MUE.
What is an osteochondroma? What age of dogs typically develop them? What
are the most common locations? What is the prognosis associated with this
condition?
An osteochondroma is an abnormal cartilaginous
growth that undergoes endochondral ossification with a central mass that is
replaced by bone tissue.
In dogs, the tumors typically
affect young animals and have self-limiting development, ceasing at the time
of skeletal maturity (12 to 14 months of age).4 The common locations of these
lesions (in decreasing order of frequency) are verte-
brae, ribs, long bones, carpus or tarsus, and pelvis.
The prognosis for dogs with osteochondromas if
surgical excision is not performed is guarded to poor.
Early excision of the tumor is associated with a good
prognosis for skeletally mature dogs, especially when
full marginal resection is achieved.
What nerve runs deep to the acromial process of the scapula?
, Suprascapular nerve
What standing angle range are shoulder arthrodeses typically performed?
110-120 degrees
Degeneration of which structures are typically responsible for degenerative
medial shoulder instability?
Most of the time, tears of the
medial glenohumeral ligament,8,9 lesions of the articular
capsule or the cuff muscles10 especially subscapularis mus-
cle tendon are responsible for the disease.
T/F Measurement of maximum abduction angle of the shoulder joint has been
described to be an easily feasible diagnostic tool to assess medial shoulder
laxity.9 However, some recent studies
showed that maximum shoulder abduction angles varied greatly and could
reach up to 75 degrees un normal joints, questioning the reliability11,12 and
specificity13 of this test.
T
Briefly describe conservative management of medial shoulder instability
Conservativemanagementcanbeattemptedfirst, aiming to
temporarily reduce abduction movement of the shoulder.14 It
consists ofexercise restriction, hobbles andpainmanagement.
Unfortunately, conservative treatment has three time less
chance to have a favourable outcomethan surgical treatment.
Describe surgical options for management of medial shoulder instability
Several surgical approaches have been described. Medial
biceps tendon transposition15 or subscapularis muscle tendon
imbrication16 can be used to reinforce the articular capsule
and provide resistance to medial movements.
Finally, the replacement of the medial glenohumeral ligament with pros-
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