MGT 400 Cross Cultural Mgmt ASU Exam-Questions with Correct
Answers/ Verified
Culture - ✔✔acquired knowledge people use to interpret experience and actions. This
knowledge then influences values, attitudes, and behaviors.
enculturation - ✔✔process by which an individual learns the traditional content of a culture
and assimilates its practices and values.
Giri - ✔✔"the right way to behave"; often refers directly to the rather formalized system of
gift giving and exchange relations in Japanese society (when gifts are given, to whom, and
how much they should cost)
-If a manager is given a gift by an employee, protocol dictates that the manager should give
a gift that is at least slightly higher in value that what they received.
-Failing to understand and act appropriately on giri is a serious social offense that carries the
stiffest of Japanese penalties: shame and exclusion from the group.
Face - ✔✔respect of a person's peers; avoiding embarrassment
-In East Asia, such confrontation causes the person who is confronted to lose face, the result
of such confrontation is that the person confronted may leave the organization. Confronting
the person privately so that they can keep the respect of others is very important
Low Context Cultures - ✔✔most countries of the developed west such as the US, the UK,
and Europe
-The primary interest is the information and the context is less important
-The listener wants to get lots of information
-Lack of clarity or ambiguity is generally regarded as negative
-Interpretation should be unequivocal
-Direct and embarrassing questions are often asked; face-saving is not very important
High Context Cultures - ✔✔East Asia, India, and Africa
-Communication is less direct
-Speech is hurried and drawn out
,-Greater emphasis is placed on the context or nonverbal cues and less emphasis is placed on
the actual information
-Interpretation is looser, which sometimes can be problematic for the listener because
answers may be indirect and it takes experience on part of the listener to interpret what
was really said
-Face is very important: direct, embarrassing questions or statements are to be avoided, or
asked in a very discreet way, sometimes via an intermediary
Parochialism - ✔✔belief that there is no other way of doing things except what is done in
one's own culture
Ethnocentrism - ✔✔holds an individual or a firm to believe that their own way of doing
things is the best, and it will not seek to adapt to local cultural practices.
Polycentric - ✔✔holds that multinational enterprises (MNE) should treat each international
subsidiary largely as a separate national entity. This means that the subsidiary should do
things in a local manner, and the MNE subsidiaries may come to differ from each other
Sociology Framework - ✔✔1. Time orientation
2. Space Orientation
3. Activity Orientation
4. Relationships among people
5. Relations to nature
6. Basic human nature
Time orientation - ✔✔(past, present, or future)
-US is less oriented toward history and tradition compared with countries in Asia or the
Middle East. Americans are typically willing to throw out old ideas and try new things,
limited emphasis on historical events. If asked to be there at a certain time, one is expected
to be there on time (US and Germany)
-Indian culture runs late
-Swiss incredibly punctual
-Saudi Arabia, tradition is paramount, they wrestle with change.
, -South America, people may be 1-2 hours late
Space orientation - ✔✔(private, mixed, or public)
-Japan & Hong Kong - space is viewed as a public good
-Australia and US - space is private and enjoyed, we like elbow room.
-Middle East - considered rude to take a step back during conversation
Activity Orientation - ✔✔(being, thinking, or doing)
Proactive- take initiative to perform tasks. more enter
Reactive- wait for change to react to. believe in fate. Hindu.
-Russia - not proactive. believe there is not much to be done to create change.
-Canada - focused on doing
Relationships among people - ✔✔(group, hierarchical, or individualistic)
Japanese culture- frowned upon to be nail that sticks out.
-Japan & China - focus is on the group
Power Distance - ✔✔>extent to which less-powerful members of institutions and
organizations accept the unequal distribution of power and submit to authority
-High power distance - people are more likely to obey orders of their superiors and often do
not value being "empowered"; Latin America, South Korea, China, and India
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