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100% 2024 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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100% 2024 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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100% 2024 ADVANCEDPATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
In relation to disease development, the term "etiology" refers to which of the
following?
a.number of people with the disease
b. cause of the disease
c. definition of the disease
d. outcome of the disease - CORRECT-ANSWERSB
normal ranges of pH, PaCO2, and HCO3 - CORRECT-ANSWERS7.35 - 7.45
35 - 45
22 - 26
etiology of metabolic acidosis - CORRECT-ANSWERS-primary loss of
bicarbonate from the body (usually GI or renal)
-an increase in the production or addition of metabolic acids (not carbonic
acid)
-decrease in acid excretion
causes of metabolic acidosis related to increased non-carbonic acids
(elevated anion gap) - CORRECT-ANSWERS-overproduction of ketoacidosis
(diabetes, alcohol excess, stavation
-lactic acidosis (shock)
-ingestions
-advanced renal failure
-distal renal tubule acidosis
causes of metabolic acidosis related to bicarbonate loss (normal anion gap) -
CORRECT-ANSWERS-diarrhea
-uterosigmoidoscopy
-early renal failure
-proximal renal tubule acidosis
clinical manifestations of metabolic acidosis - CORRECT-
ANSWERSdrowsiness/coma
decreased BP
,bradycardia
nausea/vomiting
diarrhea
abdominal pain
deep rapid respirations
headache
diagnostics of metabolic acidosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSHCO3 <22
pH <7.36
etiology of metabolic alkalosis - CORRECT-ANSWERS-addtion of bicarbonate
to the body
-hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis (vomitting or GI suctioning with depletion
of ECF sodium, chloride, and potassium. Kidneys increase bicarb
reabsorption)
-loss of hydrogen ions
-hydrogen and chloride depletion (prolonged vomiting, GI suctioning)
-excessive bicarbonate intake
-hyperaldosteronism with hypokalemia
-diuretic therapy
A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in the country
and 1,000 people contract the disease yearly. The population of the country
is 4,500,000. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is .02%.
b. The prevalence of the disease is .02% and the incidence is 10%.
c. Neither is correct.
d. There is insufficient data - CORRECT-ANSWERSA
clinical manifestations of metabolic alkalosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSdizziness
tachycardia
nausea/vomiting
anorexia
muscle cramps
tetany
hypoventilation (slow and shallow)
seizures
tingling
weakness
hyperactive reflexes
diagnostics metabolic alkalosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSHCO3 > 26
pH > 7.44
etiology respiratory acidosis - CORRECT-ANSWERS-alveolar hypoventilation
,-respiratory depression (brainstem trauma, oversedation)
-paralysis of the respiratory muscles
-disorders of the chest wall
-kyphoscoliosis, pickwickian syndrome, flail chest
-disorders of the lung parenchyma (pneumonitis, pulmonary edema)
-airway obstruction
-COPD
clinical manifestations of respiratory acidosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSinitial:
-headache
-restlessness
-blurred vision
-apprehension
Later:
-lethargy
-muscle twitching
-tremors
-convulsions
-coma
(neurological symptoms because CO2 crosses BBB)
-RR rapid at first then depressed
diagnostics of respiratory acidosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSPaCO2 > 45
pH < 7.36
etiology of respiratory alkalosis - CORRECT-ANSWERS-alveolar
hyperventilation and hypocapnia
-hypoxemia (high altitudes)
-hypermetabolic states (fever, anemia, thyrotoxicosis)
-early salicylate intoxication
-anxiety or panic disorder
-improper use of mechanical ventilators
-could occur secondary to metabolic acidosis following hyperventilation
clinical manifestations of respiratory alkalosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSdizziness
confusion
tingling
convulsions
coma
deep and rapid respirations
carpopedal spasm and other symptoms of hypocalcemia
diagnostics of respiratory alkalosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSPaCO2 < 35
pH > 7.44
, what is the anion gap - CORRECT-ANSWERSConcentration of anions (Cl and
HCO3) to cations (Na and K) in the ECF, by rule, the concentrations should be
relatively equal
relationship of anion gap and metabolic acidosis - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
metabolic acidosis is characterized as either normal anion gap metabolic
acidosis or elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis
-MA elevated gap - we know abnormal anions
-MA normal gap - we know that the cause is loss of bicarbonate
What are the causes of elevated anion gap in metabolic acidosis - CORRECT-
ANSWERSP - paraldehyde
L - lactic acidosis
U - uremia
M - Methanol
S - Salicylates
E - Ethanol
E - Ethylene Glycol
D - DKA
S - Starvation
calculate the anion gap - CORRECT-ANSWERSAG = (Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)
Which of the following is(are) true about "symptoms"?
a. objective and measurable
b. the same as "signs"
c. both of the above
d. neither of the above - CORRECT-ANSWERSD
In 1992, there were 980 deaths in a Midwestern city with a population of
1,000,000. At the beginning of that year, 900 cases of AIDS existed in this
population. During the year, 250 new cases of AIDS were diagnosed, and 75
people died of the disease in 1992.
Using the data given above, what was the incidence rate (per 100,000
population) at the end of 1992 for AIDS?
a. 6
b. 25
c. 88
d. 116 - CORRECT-ANSWERSB
What level of prevention is a blood pressure screening program for high
school students who are pregnant?
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary - CORRECT-ANSWERSB
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